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Chapter 2: Problem 100

Consider the Period 3 elements of the Periodic Table and identify the one that matches each of the following descriptions: (a) largest ionization energy (b) three valence electrons (c) a metalloid (d) smallest atomic radius (e) an alkaline earth metal (f) electron configuration \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{3}\) (g) a noble gas (h) six valence electrons

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) Ar, (b) Al, (c) Si, (d) Cl, (e) Mg, (f) P, (g) Ar, (h) S.

Step by step solution

01

Identify Period 3 Elements

Period 3 elements include Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Aluminum (Al), Silicon (Si), Phosphorus (P), Sulfur (S), Chlorine (Cl), and Argon (Ar).
02

Determine Element with Largest Ionization Energy

Among Period 3 elements, Argon (Ar) is a noble gas with a full outer shell, requiring the most energy to remove an electron. Thus, it has the largest ionization energy.
03

Find Element with Three Valence Electrons

Aluminum (Al) has the electronic configuration [Ne] 3s虏 3p鹿, amounting to a total of three electrons in its outer shell (valence electrons).
04

Identify the Metalloid

Silicon (Si) is the only metalloid among the Period 3 elements.
05

Find Element with Smallest Atomic Radius

Chlorine (Cl) has the smallest atomic radius due to increased nuclear charge, pulling the electron shell closer.
06

Locate the Alkaline Earth Metal

Magnesium (Mg) is an alkaline earth metal in Period 3.
07

Match the Electron Configuration

The given configuration, \(1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{3}\), corresponds to Phosphorus (P).
08

Identify the Noble Gas

Argon (Ar) is a noble gas among the Period 3 elements.
09

Determine Element with Six Valence Electrons

Sulfur (S) has the electronic configuration [Ne] 3s虏 3p鈦�, having six electrons in its outer shell (valence electrons).

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Ionization Energy
Ionization energy refers to the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom. It plays a crucial role in understanding the chemical properties of elements on the periodic table. As you move across a period from left to right, the ionization energy generally increases. This is because the nuclear charge (number of protons) increases, pulling the electrons closer and making them harder to remove.
Argon (Ar), a noble gas found in Period 3, exemplifies the highest ionization energy among its peers. This is due to its stable electron configuration, which naturally resists losing electrons.
  • Trend: Increases across a period, decreases down a group.
  • Argon: Highest ionization energy in Period 3.
Valence Electrons
Valence electrons are the outermost electrons of an atom and are significant in determining how an element reacts chemically. In Period 3 of the periodic table, the number of valence electrons increases as you move from left to right.
For example, Aluminum (Al) has three valence electrons, found in its 3s and 3p orbitals. Sulfur (S), on the other hand, possesses six valence electrons in its outermost shell. Valence electrons dictate bonding capacity and reactivity with other elements.
  • Aluminum: Three valence electrons.
  • Sulfur: Six valence electrons.
Electron Configuration
Electron configuration describes the distribution of electrons in an atom's orbitals. It follows the principles that electrons fill orbitals starting from the lowest energy level upwards.
For instance, the configuration of Phosphorus (P) is given as \[1s^{2} 2s^{2} 2p^{6} 3s^{2} 3p^{3}\]. This configuration indicates the arrangement of electrons in different shells and subshells around the nucleus of phosphorus. Understanding electron configuration is essential to predict an element鈥檚 chemical properties.
  • Phosphorus: \[1s^{2} 2s^{2} 2p^{6} 3s^{2} 3p^{3}\].
  • Fills from lowest to highest energy orbitals.
Metalloids
Metalloids are elements with properties intermediate between metals and non-metals. They serve as a bridge in the periodic table, showcasing characteristics like moderate conductivity and varying reactivity.
Silicon (Si) is the only metalloid present in Period 3, showing a unique blend of metallic and non-metallic properties. Silicon is crucial in the technology industry due to its semi-conductive nature, making it a primary element in electronic devices.
  • Silicon: Period 3 metalloid.
  • Properties: Intermediate between metals and non-metals.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Answer true or false. (a) Ionization energy is the energy required to remove the most loosely held electron from an atom in the gas phase. (b) When an atom loses an electron, it becomes a positively charged ion. (c) Ionization energy is a periodic property because ground-state electron configuration is a periodic property. (d) Ionization energy generally increases going from left to right across a period of the Periodic Table. (e) Ionization energy generally increases in going from top to bottom within a column in the Periodic Table. (f) The sign of an ionization energy is always positive.

The natural abundance of boron isotopes is as follows: \(19.9 \%\) boron \(-10(10.013 \mathrm{amu})\) and \(80.1 \%\) boron- 11 \((11.009 \mathrm{amu})\). Calculate the atomic weight of boron (watch the significant figures) and compare your calculated value with that given in the Periodic Table.

How many neutrons are in: (a) a carbon atom of mass number \(13 ?\) (b) a germanium atom of mass number \(73 ?\) (c) an osmium atom of mass number \(188 ?\) (d) a platinum atom of mass number \(195 ?\)

Give the designations of all subshells in the: (a) 1 shell (b) 2 shell (b) 3 shell (d) 4 shell

The elements game, Part II. Name and give the symbol of the element that is named for each geographic location. (a) The Americas (b) Berkeley, California (c) The state and University of California (d) Dubna, location in Russia of the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research (e) Europe (f) France (g) Gallia, the Latin name for ancient France (h) Germany (i) Hafnia, the Latin name for ancient Copenhagen (j) Hesse, a German state (k) Holmia, the Latin name for ancient Stockholm (1) Lutetia, the Latin name for ancient Paris \((\mathrm{m})\) Magnesia, a district in Thessaly (n) Poland, the native country of Marie Curie (o) Rhenus, the Latin name for the river Rhine (p) Ruthenia, the Latin name for ancient Russia (q) Scandia, the Latin name for ancient Scandinavia (r) Strontian, a town in Scotland (s) Ytterby, a village in Sweden (three elements) (t) Thule, the earliest name for Scandinavia
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