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Chapter 1: Problem 77

Which of the following orders is correct for the relative strength of the acids? (a) \(\mathrm{HClO}_{4}>\mathrm{HNO}_{3}>\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}>\mathrm{HCl}\) (b) \(\mathrm{HClO}_{4}>\mathrm{HCl}>\mathrm{HNO}_{3}>\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\) (c) \(\mathrm{HClO}_{4}>\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}>\mathrm{HCl}>\mathrm{HNO}_{3}\) (d) \(\mathrm{HClO}_{4}>\mathrm{HNO}_{3}>\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}>\mathrm{HCl}\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
Option (a) is the correct order: \(\mathrm{HClO}_{4} > \mathrm{HNO}_{3} > \mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{SO}_{4} > \mathrm{HCl}\).

Step by step solution

01

Identifying the Acids

We need to determine the order of strength for the given acids: \(\mathrm{HClO}_{4}\), \(\mathrm{HNO}_{3}\), \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{SO}_{4}\), and \(\mathrm{HCl}\). Perchloric acid (\(\mathrm{HClO}_{4}\)), nitric acid (\(\mathrm{HNO}_{3}\)), sulfuric acid (\(\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{SO}_{4}\)), and hydrochloric acid (\(\mathrm{HCl}\)) are the acids listed.
02

Understanding Acid Strength

The strength of an acid is generally determined by its ability to donate protons. The most common way to determine acid strength is to examine the degree to which an acid dissociates in water. Strong acids dissociate completely.
03

Comparing Acid Strengths

Let us analyze the acids:1. \(\mathrm{HClO}_{4}\) (Perchloric acid) is one of the strongest acids.2. \(\mathrm{HNO}_{3}\) (Nitric acid) is a strong acid.3. \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{SO}_{4}\) (Sulfuric acid) is also a strong acid, but typically the first dissociation step is considered as strong.4. \(\mathrm{HCl}\) (Hydrochloric acid) is a strong acid.
04

Arranging the Acids by Strength

Considering the information:1. \(\mathrm{HClO}_{4}\) is the strongest.2. \(\mathrm{HNO}_{3}\) is considered stronger than \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{SO}_{4}\) and \(\mathrm{HCl}\).3. \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{SO}_{4}\) is generally stronger than \(\mathrm{HCl}\) in terms of its first dissociation.
05

Confirming the Correct Order

Based on our arrangement, the correct order according to strength is \(\mathrm{HClO}_{4} > \mathrm{HNO}_{3} > \mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{SO}_{4} > \mathrm{HCl}\), which corresponds to option (a).

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Strong Acids
Strong acids are characterized by their ability to completely dissociate in water. This means they donate protons so effectively that almost no undissociated molecules remain in solution. As a result, the concentration of hydrogen ions, or protons, is high, leading to a low pH. The common strong acids include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid (in its first dissociation step), nitric acid, and perchloric acid. They are integral in understanding chemical reactions, especially those involving proton transfer and electron affinity.
Proton Donation
Proton donation is the defining behavior of acids and a key factor in determining their strength. In aqueous solutions, an acid's strength is measured by its ability to donate protons to water molecules. The stronger the acid, the more completely it donates its protons. For example, strong acids like hydrochloric and perchloric acid donate virtually all of their protons in solution. This is what makes them highly effective in processes like catalysis and pH adjustment.
Acid Dissociation
Acid dissociation refers to the process by which an acid releases its hydrogen ions into a solution, a key measure of its strength. For strong acids, this process is nearly complete, resulting in a high concentration of ions and a correspondingly strong acidic solution. The degree of dissociation largely depends on the acid's intrinsic properties, including bond strength and stabilization of the resulting ions. In strong acids, weak conjugate bases are formed, which do not readily re-associate with hydrogen ions.
Perchloric Acid
Perchloric acid (\(\mathrm{HClO}_{4}\)) is an extremely strong acid known for its complete dissociation in water, making it one of the strongest acids known. Its ability to release protons without holding back makes it especially potent in chemical reactions and laboratory settings. Due to its high oxidative potential, perchloric acid must be handled with care, as it can react explosively with organic materials. Its strength ranks higher than many other strong acids, making it a top candidate for proton donation studies.
Nitric Acid
Nitric acid (\(\mathrm{HNO}_{3}\)) is another example of a strong acid that completely dissociates in aqueous solutions. It is commonly used in industrial and laboratory contexts due to its ability to effectively deliver protons in reactions. Apart from being a strong acid, nitric acid is also a good oxidizing agent. This dual characteristic allows it to participate in nitrations, an essential process in producing fertilizers, explosives, and other chemicals. In terms of strength, it ranks just below perchloric acid but remains higher than sulfuric and hydrochloric acids.
Sulfuric Acid
Sulfuric acid (\(\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{SO}_{4}\)) is well-known for its first dissociation step, which is considered strong. This step involves losing one proton to yield \(\mathrm{HSO}_{4}^{-}\) ions. However, its second dissociation is weak and doesn't completely dissociate. Its role in industry is vast, used in everything from battery acid to chemical manufacturing. While not the strongest in all dissociation events, its first step ensures it delivers a significant acid punch, making it more reactive than some other strong acids.
Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrochloric acid (\(\mathrm{HCl}\)) is a prototypical strong acid, often used as a reference point for acid strength. With almost complete dissociation in solution, it readily donates its protons, creating a highly acidic environment. Its applications are extensive, ranging from industrial scale, like pH regulation, to household uses, such as cleaning. Despite being highly effective, it is less strong than perchloric, nitric, and the first dissociation step of sulfuric acids, but still essential in understanding acidic behavior.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Which one of the following configurations represents a metallic character? (a) \(2,8,2\) \(\square\) (b) \(2,8,4\) (c) \(2,8,7\) \(\square\) (d) \(2,8,8\)

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