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Chapter 7: Problem 63
Determine the maximum number of electrons that can be found in each of the following subshells: \(3 s\), \(3 d, 4 p, 4 f, 5 f\)
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What are photons? What role did Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect play in the development of the particle-wave interpretation of the nature of electromagnetic radiation?
When an electron makes a transition between energy levels of a hydrogen atom, there are no restrictions on the initial and final values of the principal quantum number \(n\). However, there is a quantum mechanical rule that restricts the initial and final values of the orbital angular momentum \(\ell\). This is the selection rule, which states that \(\Delta \ell=\pm 1,\) that is, in a transition, the value of \(\ell\) can only increase or decrease by one. According to this rule, which of the following transitions are allowed: (a) \(1 s \longrightarrow 2 s\), (b) \(2 p \longrightarrow 1 s\) (c) \(1 s \longrightarrow 3 d\) (d) \(3 d \longrightarrow 4 f\), (e) \(4 d \longrightarrow 3 s ?\)
The UV light that is responsible for tanning the skin falls in the 320 - to 400 -nm region. Calculate the total energy (in joules) absorbed by a person exposed to this radiation for \(2.0 \mathrm{~h}\), given that there are \(2.0 \times\) \(10^{16}\) photons hitting Earth's surface per square centimeter per second over a \(80-\mathrm{nm}(320 \mathrm{nm}\) to \(400 \mathrm{nm})\) range and that the exposed body area is \(0.45 \mathrm{~m}^{2}\). Assume that only half of the radiation is absorbed and the other half is reflected by the body. (Hint: Use an average wavelength of \(360 \mathrm{nm}\) in calculating the energy of a photon.)
A ruby laser produces radiation of wavelength \(633 \mathrm{nm}\) in pulses whose duration is \(1.00 \times 10^{-9} \mathrm{~s}\) (a) If the laser produces \(0.376 \mathrm{~J}\) of energy per pulse, how many photons are produced in each pulse? (b) Calculate the power (in watts) delivered by the laser per pulse. \((1 \mathrm{~W}=1 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{s} .)\)
Only a fraction of the electrical energy supplied to a tungsten lightbulb is converted to visible light. The rest of the energy shows up as infrared radiation (that is, heat). A 75-W lightbulb converts 15.0 percent of the energy supplied to it into visible light (assume the wavelength to be \(550 \mathrm{nm}\) ). How many photons are emitted by the lightbulb per second? \((1 \mathrm{~W}=1 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{s} .)\)
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