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Chapter 6: Problem 5

These are various forms of energy: chemical, heat, light, mechanical, and electrical. Suggest ways of interconverting these forms of energy.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Energy forms can be interconverted through various processes. For example, chemical energy in a car's fuel is converted to heat, light, and mechanical energy in an engine. A generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. In a light bulb, electrical energy transforms into light and heat energy.

Step by step solution

01

Converting Chemical to Heat, Light and Mechanical Energy

One of the most common examples of converting chemical energy into heat, light, and mechanical energy is the combustion of fuel in a car. In the car's engine, the chemical energy in the fuel is converted into heat, which drives the mechanical movements of the car's components. This process also emits light, especially if a spark is involved.
02

Converting Mechanical to Electrical Energy

Consider a generator. It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. When mechanical energy is applied to rotate the coil in the magnetic field of the generator, it induces an electric current, creating electrical energy.
03

Converting Electrical to Light and Heat Energy

A common household example would be the use of an electric bulb. Electrical energy is transformed into light and heat energy in an electric bulb. The electrical energy is consumed to heat the bulb filament to a high temperature, so it glows and gives off light. Heat is also produced as a byproduct of this process.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Portable hot packs are available for skiers and people engaged in other outdoor activities in a cold climate. The air-permeable paper packet contains a mixture of powdered iron, sodium chloride, and other components, all moistened by a little water. The exothermic reaction that produces the heat is a very common one- the rusting of iron: $$ 4 \mathrm{Fe}(s)+3 \mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{Fe}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}(s) $$ When the outside plastic envelope is removed, \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) molecules penetrate the paper, causing the reaction to begin. A typical packet contains \(250 \mathrm{~g}\) of iron to warm your hands or feet for up to \(4 \mathrm{~h}\). How much heat (in \(\mathrm{kJ}\) ) is produced by this reaction? (Hint: See Appendix 2 for \(\Delta H_{\mathrm{f}}^{\circ}\) values.

Suggest ways (with appropriate equations) that would enable you to measure the \(\Delta H_{\mathrm{f}}^{\circ}\) values of \(\mathrm{Ag}_{2} \mathrm{O}(s)\) and \(\mathrm{CaCl}_{2}(s)\) from their elements. No calculations are necessary.

A gas expands and does \(P-V\) work on the surroundings equal to \(325 \mathrm{~J}\). At the same time, it absorbs \(127 \mathrm{~J}\) of heat from the surroundings. Calculate the change in energy of the gas.

(a) A snowmaking machine contains a mixture of compressed air and water vapor at about 20 atm. When the mixture is sprayed into the atmosphere it expands so rapidly that, as a good approximation, no heat exchange occurs between the system (air and water) and its surroundings. (In thermodynamics, such a process is called an adiabatic process.) Do a first law of thermodynamics analysis to show how snow is formed under these conditions. (b) If you have ever pumped air into a bicycle tire, you probably noticed a warming effect at the valve stem. The action of the pump compresses the air inside the pump and the tire. The process is rapid enough to be treated as an adiabatic process. Apply the first law of thermodynamics to account for the warming effect. (c) A driver's manual states that the stopping distance quadruples as the speed doubles; that is, if it takes \(30 \mathrm{ft}\) to stop a car traveling at \(25 \mathrm{mph}\) then it would take \(120 \mathrm{ft}\) to stop a car moving at 50 mph. Justify this statement by using the first law of thermodynamics. Assume that when a car is stopped, its kinetic energy \(\left(\frac{1}{2} m u^{2}\right)\) is totally converted to heat.

In writing thermochemical equations, why is it important to indicate the physical state (that is, gaseous, liquid, solid, or aqueous) of each substance?
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