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Chapter 4: Problem 64
Water is added to \(25.0 \mathrm{~mL}\) of a \(0.866 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{KNO}_{3}\) solution until the volume of the solution is exactly \(500 \mathrm{~mL}\). What is the concentration of the final solution?
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Calculate the volume in \(\mathrm{mL}\) of a \(1.420 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{NaOH}\) solution required to titrate the following solutions: (a) \(25.00 \mathrm{~mL}\) of a \(2.430 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{HCl}\) solution (b) \(25.00 \mathrm{~mL}\) of a \(4.500 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\) solution (c) \(25.00 \mathrm{~mL}\) of a \(1.500 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4}\) solution
Magnesium is a valuable, lightweight metal. It is used as a structural metal and in alloys, in batteries, and in chemical synthesis. Although magnesium is plentiful in Earth's crust, it is cheaper to "mine" the metal from seawater. Magnesium forms the second most abundant cation in the sea (after sodium); there are about \(1.3 \mathrm{~g}\) of magnesium in \(1 \mathrm{~kg}\) of seawater. The method of obtaining magnesium from seawater employs all three types of reactions discussed in this chapter: precipitation, acid-base, and redox reactions. In the first stage in the recovery of magnesium, limestone \(\left(\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}\right)\) is heated at high temperatures to produce quicklime, or calcium oxide \((\mathrm{CaO})\) : $$ \mathrm{CaCO}_{3}(s) \longrightarrow \mathrm{CaO}(s)+\mathrm{CO}_{2}(g) $$ When calcium oxide is treated with seawater, it forms calcium hydroxide \(\left[\mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}\right]\), which is slightly soluble and ionizes to give \(\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}\) and \(\mathrm{OH}^{-}\) ions: $$ \mathrm{CaO}(s)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l) \longrightarrow \mathrm{Ca}^{2+}(a q)+2 \mathrm{OH}^{-}(a q) $$ The surplus hydroxide ions cause the much less soluble magnesium hydroxide to precipitate: $$ \mathrm{Mg}^{2+}(a q)+2 \mathrm{OH}^{-}(a q) \longrightarrow \mathrm{Mg}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}(s) $$ The solid magnesium hydroxide is filtered and reacted with hydrochloric acid to form magnesium chloride \(\left(\mathrm{MgCl}_{2}\right)\) \(\mathrm{Mg}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}(s)+2 \mathrm{HCl}(a q) \longrightarrow\) $$ \mathrm{MgCl}_{2}(a q)+2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l) $$ After the water is evaporated, the solid magnesium chloride is melted in a steel cell. The molten magnesium chloride contains both \(\mathrm{Mg}^{2+}\) and \(\mathrm{Cl}^{-}\) ions. In a process called electrolysis, an electric current is passed through the cell to reduce the \(\mathrm{Mg}^{2+}\) ions and oxidize the \(\mathrm{Cl}^{-}\) ions. The halfreactions are $$ \begin{aligned} \mathrm{Mg}^{2+}+2 e^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{Mg} \\ 2 \mathrm{Cl}^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{Cl}_{2}+2 e^{-} \end{aligned} $$ The overall reaction is $$ \mathrm{MgCl}_{2}(l) \longrightarrow \mathrm{Mg}(s)+\mathrm{Cl}_{2}(g) $$ This is how magnesium metal is produced. The chlorine gas generated can be converted to hydrochloric acid and recycled through the process. (a) Identify the precipitation, acid-base, and redox processes. (b) Instead of calcium oxide, why don't we simply add sodium hydroxide to precipitate magnesium hydroxide? (c) Sometimes a mineral called dolomite (a combination of \(\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}\) and \(\mathrm{MgCO}_{3}\) ) is substituted for limestone \(\left(\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}\right)\) to bring about the precipitation of magnesium hydroxide. What is the advantage of using dolomite? (d) What are the advantages of mining magnesium from the ocean rather than from Earth's crust?
A \(60.0-\mathrm{mL} 0.513 \mathrm{M}\) glucose \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{6}\right)\) solution is mixed with \(120.0 \mathrm{~mL}\) of \(2.33 \mathrm{M}\) glucose solution. What is the concentration of the final solution? Assume the volumes are additive.
You are given two colorless solutions, one containing \(\mathrm{NaCl}\) and the other sucrose \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{12} \mathrm{H}_{22} \mathrm{O}_{11}\right) .\) Suggest a chemical and a physical test that would distinguish between these two solutions.
What is the difference between an ionic equation and a molecular equation?
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