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Chapter 3: Problem 31
Describe the operation of a mass spectrometer.
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One of the reactions that occurs in a blast furnace, where iron ore is converted to cast iron, is $$ \mathrm{Fe}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}+3 \mathrm{CO} \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{Fe}+3 \mathrm{CO}_{2} $$ Suppose that \(1.64 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{~kg}\) of Fe are obtained from a \(2.62 \times 10^{3}-\mathrm{kg}\) sample of \(\mathrm{Fe}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}\). Assuming that the reaction goes to completion, what is the percent purity of \(\mathrm{Fe}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}\) in the original sample?
For many years chloroform \(\left(\mathrm{CHCl}_{3}\right)\) was used as an inhalation anesthetic in spite of the fact that it is also a toxic substance that may cause severe liver, kidney, and heart damage. Calculate the percent composition by mass of this compound.
The fertilizer ammonium sulfate \(\left[\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4}\right)_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\right]\) is prepared by the reaction between ammonia \(\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)\) and sulfuric acid: $$ 2 \mathrm{NH}_{3}(g)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}(a q) \longrightarrow\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4}\right)_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}(a q) $$ How many kilograms of \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\) are needed to produce \(1.00 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~kg}\) of \(\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4}\right)_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4} ?\)
Nitroglycerin \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{~N}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{9}\right)\) is a powerful explosive. Its decomposition can be represented by $$ 4 \mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{~N}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{9} \longrightarrow 6 \mathrm{~N}_{2}+12 \mathrm{CO}_{2}+10 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}+\mathrm{O}_{2} $$ This reaction generates a large amount of heat and many gaseous products. It is the sudden formation of these gases, together with their rapid expansion, that produces the explosion. (a) What is the maximum amount of \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) in grams that can be obtained from \(2.00 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{~g}\) of nitroglycerin? (b) Calculate the percent yield in this reaction if the amount of \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) generated is found to be \(6.55 \mathrm{~g}\).
Earth's population is about 6.5 billion. Suppose that every person on Earth participates in a process of counting identical particles at the rate of two particles per second. How many years would it take to count \(6.0 \times 10^{23}\) particles? Assume that there are 365 days in a year.
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