Chapter 18: Problem 65
Comment on the statement: "Just talking about entropy increases its value in the universe."
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Chapter 18: Problem 65
Comment on the statement: "Just talking about entropy increases its value in the universe."
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Hydrogenation reactions (for example, the process of converting \(\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{C}\) bonds to \(\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C}\) bonds in food industry) are facilitated by the use of a transition metal catalyst, such as Ni or \(\mathrm{Pt}\). The initial step is the adsorption, or binding, of hydrogen gas onto the metal surface. Predict the signs of \(\Delta H, \Delta S,\) and \(\Delta G\) when hydrogen gas is adsorbed onto the surface of Ni metal.
Under what conditions does a substance have a standard entropy of zero? Can a substance ever have a negative standard entropy?
Which of the following processes are spontaneous and which are nonspontaneous at a given temperature? (a) \(\mathrm{NaNO}_{3}(s) \stackrel{\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{NaNO}_{3}(a q)\) saturated soln (b) \(\mathrm{NaNO}_{3}(s) \stackrel{\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{NaNO}_{3}(a q) \quad\) unsaturated soln (c) \(\mathrm{NaNO}_{3}(s) \stackrel{\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{NaNO}_{3}(a q)\) supersaturated soln
(a) Over the years there have been numerous claims about "perpetual motion machines," machines that will produce useful work with no input of energy. Explain why the first law of thermodynamics prohibits the possibility of such a machine existing. (b) Another kind of machine, sometimes called a “perpetual motion of the second kind," operates as follows. Suppose an ocean liner sails by scooping up water from the ocean and then extracting heat from the water, converting the heat to electric power to run the ship, and dumping the water back into the ocean. This process does not violate the first law of thermodynamics, for no energy is created-energy from the ocean is just converted to electrical energy. Show that the second law of thermodynamics prohibits the existence of such a machine.
Define entropy. What are the units of entropy?
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