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Chapter 1: Problem 73

You are given a liquid. Briefly describe steps you would take to show whether it is a pure substance or a homogeneous mixture.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Four steps can be taken to determine whether a liquid is a pure substance or a homogeneous mixture: visual inspection, boiling point test, distillation, and chromatography. If the liquid is homogeneous with a fixed boiling point and cannot be distilled or separated into different components, it is a pure substance; otherwise, it is a mixture.

Step by step solution

01

Visual Inspection

Visually inspect the liquid. Pure substances are often clear and homogeneous mixtures are generally uniform in appearance, but some mixtures can have visible components. If it is a colored liquid or there are visible substances in the liquid, it might indicate that it's a mixture.
02

Conduct a Boiling Point Test

Perform a boiling point test. Pure substances have a fixed boiling point. If the liquid boils at a specific temperature and not over a range of temperatures, it might indicate that it is a pure substance.
03

Distillation

Carry out a process of distillation. Distillation exploits the different boiling points of the components in the mixture. If after distillation there are separate components left, then the substances were in a mixture.
04

Chromatography

Undertake a chromatography test if distillation didn't provide a definitive answer. Chromatography separates a mixture into its individual components. If multiple substances emerge, the original material was a mixture.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Define density. What units do chemists normally use for density? Is density an intensive or extensive property?

A student is given a crucible and asked to prove whether it is made of pure platinum. She first weighs the crucible in air and then weighs it suspended in water (density \(\left.=0.9986 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\right)\). The readings are \(860.2 \mathrm{~g}\) and \(820.2 \mathrm{~g}\), respectively. Given that the density of platinum is \(21.45 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3},\) what should her conclusion be based on these measurements? (Hint: An object suspended in a fluid is buoyed up by the mass of the fluid displaced by the object. Neglect the buoyancy of air.)

Calculate the mass of each of these: (a) a sphere of gold of radius \(10.0 \mathrm{~cm}\) [the volume of a sphere of radius \(r\) is \(V=\left(\frac{4}{3}\right) \pi r^{3} ;\) the density of gold \(\left.=19.3 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\right]\) (b) a cube of platinum of edge length \(0.040 \mathrm{~mm}\) (the density of platinum \(\left.=21.4 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\right),\) (c) \(50.0 \mathrm{~mL}\) of ethanol (the density of ethanol \(=0.798 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL})\)

Percent error is often expressed as the absolute value of the difference between the true value and the experimental value, divided by the true value: Percent error \(=\) \(\frac{\mid \text { true value }-\text { experimental value } \mid}{\mid \text { true value } \mid} \times 100 \%\) where the vertical lines indicate absolute value. Calculate the percent error for these measurements: (a) The density of alcohol (ethanol) is found to be \(0.802 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL}\). (True value: \(0.798 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL} .\) ) (b) The mass of gold in an earring is analyzed to be \(0.837 \mathrm{~g}\). (True value: 0.864 g.)

Do these statements describe chemical or physical properties? (a) Oxygen gas supports combustion. (b) Fertilizers help to increase agricultural production. (c) Water boils below \(100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) on top of a mountain. (d) Lead is denser than aluminum. (e) Uranium is a radioactive element.
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