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Chapter 9: Problem 56

In estimating the boiling point and melting point of bromine in Example \(9-5,\) could we have used Celsius or Fahrenheit instead of Kelvin temperature? Explain.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The boiling point and melting point of bromine could have been estimated in Celsius or Fahrenheit, however, the Kelvin scale is preferred because it is an absolute scale that accurately represents thermal energy from absolute zero, making it directly related to the inherent thermal energy in matter, which determines properties like boiling and melting points.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Different Temperature Scales

Understand the different temperature scales - Kelvin, Fahrenheit, and Celsius. The Kelvin scale is an absolute temperature scale used in physical sciences and engineering to describe thermodynamic temperature. The important property to notice is that Zero Kelvin corresponds to absolute zero, the lowest possible temperature where no heat energy remains in a substance.
02

Consider Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales

Celsius and Fahrenheit scales, on the other hand, are relative scales and their zero points are based on arbitrary definitions. 0 degree Celsius is based on the freezing point of water and does not represent absence of heat energy. Equally, 0 degree Fahrenheit doesn't represent an absence of heat energy.
03

Connection with Boiling and Melting Points

Boiling and melting points are properties that depend on the intermolecular forces in the material, and these forces are determined by the inherent thermal energy in the molecules. Since Kelvin scale accurately represents this inherent thermal energy from absolute zero, it is the preferred scale while dealing with these phenomena.
04

Conclude

Although it would be possible to convert Kelvin temperatures to Celsius or Fahrenheit and work in those units, using Kelvin simplifies matters and retains the direct relationship with thermal energy. Hence, using Kelvin temperature for estimation of boiling point and melting point is the preferred option.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Kelvin Scale
The Kelvin scale is essential for scientific calculations, especially in physics and chemistry. It begins at absolute zero, which is the point where all thermal motion of particles theoretically ceases. Absolute zero is 0 Kelvin (K), which is equivalent to -273.15 degrees Celsius. This unique quality makes it an absolute scale.

In contrast to other temperature scales, Kelvin does not have degrees. Instead, it uses positive values for all temperatures.
  • 0 K = Absolute Zero
  • 273.15 K = Freezing Point of Water
  • 373.15 K = Boiling Point of Water
This clarity and consistency are why the Kelvin scale is widely used in scientific research and engineering.
Celsius Scale
The Celsius scale is based on the physical properties of water, making it familiar and easy to use in everyday life. It sets 0 degrees Celsius (掳C) as the freezing point of water and 100 degrees Celsius as the boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure.

Unlike Kelvin, Celsius is a relative scale, meaning that it is based on specific fixed points rather than an absolute zero. This makes it useful for weather forecasts, cooking, and other practical applications. For scientific purposes, temperatures in Celsius can be easily converted to Kelvin by adding 273.15:
  • 掳C to K: T(K) = T(掳C) + 273.15
  • K to 掳C: T(掳C) = T(K) - 273.15
The Celsius scale remains crucial for non-scientific settings where precise absolute measurements are not necessary.
Fahrenheit Scale
The Fahrenheit scale is mainly used in the United States for everyday temperature measurements such as weather forecasts. It defines the freezing point of water as 32 degrees Fahrenheit (掳F) and the boiling point as 212 degrees at standard atmospheric pressure.

While not commonly used in scientific research, it remains vital for household uses in certain countries. The conversion between Fahrenheit and Celsius involves a simple formula:
  • 掳F to 掳C: T(掳C) = (T(掳F) - 32) 脳 5/9
  • 掳C to 掳F: T(掳F) = T(掳C) 脳 9/5 + 32
Understanding Fahrenheit is useful for interpreting weather and temperature data in daily life within the U.S.
Boiling Point Estimation
Estimating the boiling point of substances involves understanding the amount of thermal energy needed to change a liquid into a gas. The boiling point is influenced by factors like atmospheric pressure and intermolecular forces.

Scientists prefer using the Kelvin scale for boiling point estimation because it measures absolute thermal energy. This is critical in accurately describing the energy changes during phase transitions. However, conversions to Celsius or Fahrenheit can be made readily when communicating results outside scholarly contexts. Recognizing the significance of Kelvin helps with deeper comprehension of energy dynamics during boiling.
Melting Point Estimation
Melting point estimation revolves around the energy required to change a solid into a liquid. As with boiling points, the Kelvin scale is the preferred choice for these comparisons. This is due to its direct alignment with energy scales.

Understanding the exact point at which a substance melts is vital in areas like material science and engineering.
  • Kelvin measures intrinsic thermal energy, providing an absolute frame of reference.
  • Conversions can be made to Celsius or Fahrenheit as needed for broader communication.
Grasping the interplay between thermal energy and phase changes in the Kelvin framework aids in transparent scientific communication and understanding.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Briefly describe each of the following ideas or phenomena: (a) the periodic law; (b) ionization energy; (c) electron affinity; (d) paramagnetism.

In multielectron atoms many of the periodic trends can be explained in terms of \(Z_{\text {eff }}\) Consider the following statements and discuss whether or not the statement is true or false. (a) Electrons in a \(p\) orbital are more effective than electrons in the \(s\) orbitals in shielding other electrons from the nuclear charge. (b) \(\mathrm{Z}_{\text {eff }}\) for an electron in an \(s\) orbital is lower than that for an electron in a \(p\) orbital in the same shell. (c) \(Z_{\text {eff }}\) is usually less than \(Z.\) (d) Electrons in orbitals having \(\ell=1\) penetrate better than those with \(\ell=2.\) (e) \(\mathrm{Z}_{\text {eff }}\) for the orbitals of the elements \(\mathrm{Na}(3 s)\) \(\mathrm{Mg}(3 s), \mathrm{Al}(3 p), \mathrm{P}(3 p),\) and \(\mathrm{S}(3 p)\) are in the order \(Z_{\text {eff }}(\mathrm{Na})<\mathrm{Z}_{\text {eff }}(\mathrm{Mg})>\mathrm{Z}_{\text {eff }}(\mathrm{Al})<\mathrm{Z}_{\text {eff }}(\mathrm{P})>\mathrm{Z}_{\text {eff }}(\mathrm{S}).\)

For the following groups of elements, select the one that has the property noted: (a) the largest atom: \(\mathrm{Mg}, \mathrm{Mn}, \mathrm{Mo}, \mathrm{Ba}, \mathrm{Bi}, \mathrm{Br}.\) (b) the lowest first ionization energy: \(\mathrm{B}, \mathrm{Sr}, \mathrm{Al}, \mathrm{Br}\) \(\mathrm{Mg}_{\ell} \mathrm{Pb}.\) (c) the most negative electron affinity: \(\mathrm{As}, \mathrm{B}, \mathrm{Cl}\) \(\mathrm{K}, \mathrm{Mg}, \mathrm{S}.\) (d) the largest number of unpaired electrons: \(\mathrm{F}, \mathrm{N}, \mathrm{S}^{2-}, \mathrm{Mg}^{2+}, \mathrm{Sc}^{3+}, \mathrm{Ti}^{3+}.\)

The element whose atoms have the electron configuration \([\mathrm{Kr}] 4 d^{10} 5 \mathrm{s}^{2} 5 p^{3}(\mathrm{a})\) is in group 13 of the periodic table; (b) bears a similarity to the element Bi; (c) is similar to the element \(\mathrm{Te} ;\) (d) is a transition element.

Which of the following ions are unlikely to be found in chemical compounds: \(\mathrm{K}^{+}, \mathrm{Ga}^{4+}, \mathrm{Fe}^{6+} \mathrm{S}^{2-}, \mathrm{Ge}^{5+},\) or \(\mathrm{Br}^{-} ?\) Explain briefly.
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