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Chapter 21: Problem 50

Write plausible chemical equations for preparing each compound from the indicated starting material: (a) \(\operatorname{SnCl}_{2}\) from \(\operatorname{SnO} ;\) (b) \(\operatorname{SnCl}_{4}\) from \(\operatorname{Sn} ;\) (c) \(\operatorname{PbCrO}_{4}\) from \(\mathrm{PbO}_{2}\). What reagents (acids, bases, salts) and equipment commonly available in the laboratory are needed for each reaction?

Short Answer

Expert verified
The reactions, (a) \(\operatorname{SnO} + 2\operatorname{HCl} \rightarrow \operatorname{SnCl}_{2} + \operatorname{H}_{2}\operatorname{O}\), (b) \(\operatorname{Sn} + 4\operatorname{HCl} + catalyst \rightarrow \(\operatorname{SnCl}_{4} + 2\operatorname{H}_{2}\), and (c) \(\operatorname{PbO}_{2} + \operatorname{ K}_{2}\operatorname{CrO}_{4}\rightarrow \operatorname{PbCrO}_{4} + 2\operatorname{K}^{+} \operatorname{O}^{2-}\) show how each respective compound can be prepared from the starting material.

Step by step solution

01

Preparing SnCl2 from SnO

To obtain \(\operatorname{SnCl}_{2}\) from \(\operatorname{SnO}\), react \(\operatorname{SnO}\) with \(2\operatorname{HCl}\) where \(HCl\) is Hydrochloric acid. The reaction is: \(\operatorname{SnO} + 2\operatorname{HCl} \rightarrow \operatorname{SnCl}_{2} + \operatorname{H}_{2}\operatorname{O}\)
02

Preparing SnCl4 from Sn

To obtain \(\operatorname{SnCl}_{4}\) from \(\operatorname{Sn}\), react \(\operatorname{Sn}\) with \(4\operatorname{HCl}\). This reaction requires a catalyst to speed up: the Chlorination reaction. The reaction is: \(\operatorname{Sn} + 4\operatorname{HCl} \rightarrow \(\operatorname{SnCl}_{4} + 2\operatorname{H}_{2}\)
03

Preparing PbCrO4 from PbO2

Getting \(\operatorname{PbCrO}_{4}\) from \(\operatorname{PbO}_{2}\) involves adding \(\operatorname{PbO}_{2}\) to a solution of \( \operatorname{ K}_{2}\operatorname{CrO}_{4}\)(Potassium Chromate). The reaction is: \(\operatorname{PbO}_{2} + \operatorname{ K}_{2}\operatorname{CrO}_{4}\rightarrow \operatorname{PbCrO}_{4} + 2\operatorname{K}^{+} \operatorname{O}^{2-}\)

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Chemical Equation
Understanding chemical equations is essential in chemistry. A chemical equation represents a chemical reaction where the reactants are transformed into products.
Each reactant and product is represented by its chemical formula, and these equations must be balanced to show the same number of each type of atom on both sides.

The three reactions in the exercise showcase different scenarios:
  • SnO reacting with HCl to produce SnCl鈧� and water.
  • Sn reacting with HCl to form SnCl鈧� and hydrogen.
  • PbO鈧� interacting with K鈧侰rO鈧� to yield PbCrO鈧�.
Balancing these equations ensures that the law of conservation of mass is upheld, meaning atoms are neither created nor destroyed in the reaction.
This highlights how important chemical equations are for predicting the quantities of products formed.
Laboratory Reagents
Laboratory reagents are the substances used to bring about a reaction in experiments. They are crucial for performing the chemical transformations needed in various equations.
In the given reactions, typical lab reagents include:
  • Hydrochloric Acid (HCl): Used in the first two reactions to provide chloride ions for forming tin chloride.
  • Potassium Chromate (K鈧侰rO鈧�): Utilized in the third equation to react with PbO鈧�.
These reagents are chosen based on their ability to efficiently drive the desired chemical reaction under controlled conditions.
Understanding the role and nature of these reagents helps ensure successful and safe lab work.
Inorganic Chemistry
Inorganic chemistry focuses on compounds that are not based on carbon-hydrogen bonds. It includes the study of metals, minerals, and organometallic compounds.

Our exercise involves inorganic compounds like SnO, SnCl鈧�, SnCl鈧�, PbO鈧�, and K鈧侰rO鈧�.
These compounds demonstrate:
  • The behavior of metals like Tin (Sn) and Lead (Pb) when reacting with non-metals and other inorganics.
  • The formation of salts and oxides, key themes in inorganic chemistry.
Understanding inorganic reactions is key for applications in materials science, metallurgy, and catalysis.
Reaction Mechanisms
Reaction mechanisms describe the individual steps that occur during a chemical reaction.
Detailed mechanisms help explain how reactants turn into products, involving intermediates, transition states, and energy changes.

In the exercise:
  • Sn reacting with HCl: Likely involves multiple steps, including electron transfer and formation of hydrogen gas.
  • PbO鈧� with K鈧侰rO鈧�: May involve redox reactions where electrons are exchanged between ions, leading to the formation of complex compounds like PbCrO鈧�.
Understanding these steps helps chemists control reactions and optimize conditions for desired products, highlighting the importance of reaction mechanisms in chemistry.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

A chemical dictionary gives the following descriptions of the production of some compounds. Write plausible chemical equations based on these descriptions. (a) lead(II) carbonate: adding a solution of sodium bicarbonate to a solution of lead nitrate. (b) lithium carbonate: reaction of lithium oxide with ammonium carbonate solution. (c) hydrogen peroxide: by the action of dilute sulfuric acid on barium peroxide. (d) lead(IV) oxide: action of an alkaline solution of calcium hypochlorite on lead(II) oxide.

The first electrolytic process to produce sodium metal used molten NaOH as the electrolyte. Write probable half-equations and an overall equation for this electrolysis.

In the purification of bauxite ore, a preliminary step in the production of aluminum, \(\left[\mathrm{Al}(\mathrm{OH})_{4}\right]^{-}(\mathrm{aq})\) can be converted to \(\mathrm{Al}(\mathrm{OH})_{3}(\mathrm{s})\) by passing \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}(\mathrm{g})\) through the solution. Write an equation for the reaction that occurs. Could HCl(aq) be used instead of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}(\mathrm{g}) ?\) Explain.

Briefly describe each of the following ideas, methods, or phenomena: (a) diagonal relationship; (b) preparation of deionized water by ion exchange; (c) thermite reaction; (d) inert pair effect.

Write a chemical equation to represent (a) the reduction of silica to elemental silicon by aluminum; (b) the preparation of potassium metasilicate by the high-temperature fusion of silica and potassium carbonate; (c) the reaction of \(\mathrm{Al}_{4} \mathrm{C}_{3}\) with water to produce methane.
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