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Magazine Chapter 9: Problem 82
For each of the following pairs of elements, state whether the binary compound formed is likely to be ionic or covalent. Give the formula and name of the compound. a. \(\mathrm{Na}, \mathrm{S}\) b. \(\mathrm{Al}, \mathrm{F}\) c. \(\mathrm{Ca}, \mathrm{Cl}\) d. Si, \(\mathrm{Br}\)
Short Answer
Expert verified
a. Ionic, \( \text{Na}_2\text{S} \), sodium sulfide
b. Ionic, \( \text{AlF}_3 \), aluminum fluoride
c. Ionic, \( \text{CaCl}_2 \), calcium chloride
d. Covalent, \( \text{SiBr}_4 \), silicon tetrabromide
Step by step solution
01
Determine the Type of Bond for Na and S
Sodium (Na) is a metal, and sulfur (S) is a non-metal. Ionic bonds typically form between metals and non-metals due to the transfer of electrons. Therefore, Na and S will form an ionic compound.
02
Write the Formula for Na and S
When Na and S form a compound, sodium tends to lose one electron to become Na鈦�, and sulfur tends to gain two electrons to become S虏鈦�. To balance the charges, we need two Na鈦� ions for every S虏鈦� ion. Thus, the formula is \(\text{Na}_2\text{S}\).
03
Name the Compound for Na and S
The compound \(\text{Na}_2\text{S}\) is called sodium sulfide.
04
Determine the Type of Bond for Al and F
Aluminum (Al) is a metal, and fluorine (F) is a non-metal. Like sodium and sulfur, this pair will form an ionic compound because it's a metal and non-metal pairing.
05
Write the Formula for Al and F
Aluminum tends to lose three electrons to become Al鲁鈦�, and fluorine tends to gain one electron to become F鈦�. To balance the charges, we need three F鈦� ions for every Al鲁鈦� ion. Thus, the formula is \(\text{AlF}_3\).
06
Name the Compound for Al and F
The compound \(\text{AlF}_3\) is called aluminum fluoride.
07
Determine the Type of Bond for Ca and Cl
Calcium (Ca) is a metal, and chlorine (Cl) is a non-metal. Therefore, Ca and Cl will form an ionic compound.
08
Write the Formula for Ca and Cl
Calcium tends to lose two electrons to become Ca虏鈦�, and chlorine gains one electron to become Cl鈦�. To balance the charges, we need two Cl鈦� ions for every Ca虏鈦� ion. Thus, the formula is \(\text{CaCl}_2\).
09
Name the Compound for Ca and Cl
The compound \(\text{CaCl}_2\) is called calcium chloride.
10
Determine the Type of Bond for Si and Br
Silicon (Si) is a metalloid, and bromine (Br) is a non-metal. Compounds formed by a metalloid and a non-metal tend to be covalent.
11
Write the Formula for Si and Br
Silicon tetrachloride (tetra- indicates four) is the likely compound here, which implies the formula \(\text{SiBr}_4\). However, as bromine is involved, bromine typically forms Br鈧� molecules, so the shared compound is likely a 1:1 ratio, \(\text{SiBr}_4\).
12
Name the Compound for Si and Br
The compound \(\text{SiBr}_4\) is named silicon tetrabromide.
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Key Concepts
These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.
Chemical Bonding
Chemical bonding is the interaction that holds atoms together in a compound. There are two primary types of chemical bonds: ionic and covalent.
- Ionic Bonds: Form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another. This usually occurs between metals and non-metals. Metals tend to lose electrons and become positively charged ions, while non-metals gain electrons to form negatively charged ions.
- Covalent Bonds: Occur when atoms share electrons. These bonds typically form between non-metals or between a metalloid and a non-metal, allowing each atom to achieve a stable electron configuration.
Compound Naming
Naming compounds systematically is essential to communicate their compositions clearly. Different rules apply depending on whether a compound is ionic or covalent:
- Ionic Compounds: The name is derived from the cation (positive ion) followed by the anion (negative ion). For example, in sodium sulfide (\(\text{Na}_2\text{S}\)), 'sodium' represents the Na鈦� ions, and 'sulfide' represents the S虏鈦� ions. Similarly, for aluminum fluoride (\(\text{AlF}_3\)), 'aluminum' comes from Al鲁鈦� ions, and 'fluoride' comes from F鈦� ions.
- Covalent Compounds: Use prefixes to indicate the number of atoms. For instance, silicon tetrabromide (\(\text{SiBr}_4\)) uses 'tetra-' to denote four bromine atoms. The less electronegative element is named first with a prefix if necessary, and the second element is named as if it were an anion.
Formula Writing
Writing chemical formulas involves combining symbols and subscripts to represent the composition of a compound accurately. Here鈥檚 how to write formulas for different types of compounds:
- Ionic Compounds: First, write the symbol of the metal (cation) followed by the symbol of the non-metal (anion). Balance the total positive and negative charges by adjusting subscripts. For example, in calcium chloride (\(\text{CaCl}_2\)), calcium (Ca虏鈦�) requires two chloride ions (2Cl鈦�) to balance the charges, resulting in the formula \(\text{CaCl}_2\).
- Covalent Compounds: The symbols of the respective atoms are written together, with prefixes indicating the number of each type of atom. For silicon tetrabromide (\(\text{SiBr}_4\)), the formula shows one silicon atom bonded to four bromine atoms, following the prefixed name.
