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Chapter 8: Problem 104

Match each of the elements on the right with its description on the left: \(\begin{array}{ll}\text { (a) A greenish-yellow gas } & \text { Nitrogen }\left(\mathrm{N}_{2}\right)\end{array}\) that reacts with water \(\quad\) Boron \((\mathrm{B})\) (b) A soft metal that reacts \(\quad\) Aluminum (AI) with water to produce hydrogen (c) A metalloid that is hard and has a high melting point (d) A colorless, odorless gas (e) A more reactive metal than iron, which does not corrode in air

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) Chlorine, (b) Sodium, (c) Boron, (d) Nitrogen, (e) Aluminum.

Step by step solution

01

Determine Greenish-Yellow Gas

The description involves a greenish-yellow gas, which typically matches chlorine. Chlorine ( Cl_2 ) is a greenish-yellow gas that reacts with water to form hydrochloric and hypochlorous acids. Therefore, the element matching this description is chlorine.
02

Identify Soft Metal with Reaction

A soft metal that reacts with water to produce hydrogen is often referenced as sodium, which is known for reacting vigorously with water to release hydrogen gas. Based on the properties of elements, the element that fits this description is sodium (Na).
03

Find Hard Metalloid with High Melting Point

Metalloids have properties between metals and non-metals. Boron is a metalloid known for its hardness and high melting point, making it fit this description. Therefore, the element that matches is Boron (B).
04

Match Colorless, Odorless Gas

Nitrogen ( N_2 ) is commonly known as a colorless, odorless gas, and it is inert under standard conditions. Therefore, the element matching this description is nitrogen (N_2).
05

Determine Reactive Metal without Corrosion

Aluminum (Al) is more reactive than iron and forms a protective oxide layer that prevents it from corroding in air, despite its reactivity. Hence, the element that matches this description is Aluminum (Al).

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Chlorine
Chlorine is a chemical element symbolized by Cl, and is most widely known for its greenish-yellow color. It is a diatomic molecule, meaning it naturally forms pairs ( Cl_2 ). One of chlorine's notable reactions is with water, where it forms a mixture of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hypochlorous acid (HClO). This reaction is significant in various applications, such as water purification and disinfectants.
  • Chlorine gas is toxic and was infamously used during World War I as a chemical weapon.
  • Due to its reactivity, chlorine does not occur in a free state in nature but is commonly found in compounds, especially with sodium as common salt (NaCl).
Understanding chlorine's properties helps in harnessing its uses for sanitation and other chemical processes, while also recognizing the importance of handling it safely.
Sodium
Sodium is represented by the symbol Na, derived from its Latin name 'Natrium.' This element is a soft, silvery-white metal that can be easily cut with a knife. It is highly reactive, especially with water. When sodium comes into contact with water, it reacts vigorously, producing sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. This reaction is exothermic, releasing a lot of heat.
  • Due to this high reactivity, sodium is never found as a free element in nature, but always in compounds like table salt (NaCl).
  • Sodium compounds have a plethora of uses ranging from culinary to industrial applications.
  • In the human body, sodium ions are vital for nerve transmission and muscle function.
Sodium's chemical behavior makes it a staple in classrooms for demonstrating chemical reactivity, while also highlighting the need for careful handling.
Boron
Boron, symbolized as B, is classified as a metalloid, which means it shares properties of both metals and non-metals. One of the distinctive features of boron is its hardness and high melting point, which are traits uncommon in non-metals. Boron's unique structure makes it much harder compared to other metalloids. In nature, boron is never found as a free element but rather in compounds like borates.
  • Boron compounds, such as borax, are frequently used in detergents, cosmetics, and enamel glazes.
  • In agriculture, boron is vital as a micronutrient for plant growth.
  • It has applications in the development of super-strong materials and even in nuclear reactors as a neutron absorber.
The versatility of boron and its compounds underscores the profound impact of elemental properties on practical applications.
Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a key element represented by the symbol N, and it takes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere. It is a diatomic molecule ( N_2 ), classified as a colorless and odorless gas. Nitrogen is relatively inert due to the triple bonds between its atoms, making it stable under standard conditions.
  • The inert nature of nitrogen makes it useful in creating non-reactive environments, often used in food packaging to preserve freshness.
  • Nitrogen is a pivotal component of amino acids and nucleic acids, crucial for life.
  • While generally nonreactive, it forms various compounds such as ammonia and nitric acid when combined with other elements.
Understanding nitrogen is essential for fields such as agriculture, biology, and environmental science, underscoring its critical role in life on Earth.
Aluminum
Aluminum, with the chemical symbol Al, is a lightweight yet strong metal with a silvery appearance. One remarkable property of aluminum is its ability to resist corrosion. Although it is a highly reactive metal, it forms a thin layer of aluminum oxide on its surface when exposed to air, which protects it from further oxidation.
  • Aluminum's lightweight nature makes it ideal for use in transportation industries, such as automotive and aerospace.
  • It is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, found commonly in bauxite ore.
  • Due to its non-toxic nature and corrosion resistance, it is widely used in food and beverage containers.
The properties of aluminum make it versatile for various applications, demonstrating how elemental properties influence material choice in everyday life.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

What is wrong with the statement "The atoms of element \(X\) are isoelectronic with the atoms of element \(\mathrm{Y}^{\prime \prime} ?\)

Give the physical states (gas, liquid, or solid) of the representative elements in the fourth period at 1 atm and \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}: \mathrm{K}, \mathrm{Ca}, \mathrm{Ga}, \mathrm{Ge}, \mathrm{As}, \mathrm{Se}, \mathrm{Br}\)

Why do elements that have high ionization energies usually have more positive electron affinities?

Which is the largest atom in Groun \(4 \mathrm{~A}\) ?

A technique called photoelectron spectroscopy is used to measure the ionization energy of atoms. A sample is irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light, and electrons are ejected from the valence shell. The kinetic energies of the ejected electrons are measured. Because the energy of the UV photon and the kinetic energy of the ejected electron are known, we can write $$h v=\mathrm{IE}+\frac{1}{2} m u^{2}$$ in which \(\nu\) is the frequency of the UV light, and \(m\) and \(u\) are the mass and velocity of the electron, respectively. In one experiment the kinetic energy of the ejected electron from potassium is found to be \(5.34 \times 10^{-19} \mathrm{~J}\) using a UV source of wavelength \(162 \mathrm{nm}\). Calculate the ionization energy of potassium. How can you be sure that this ionization energy corresponds to the electron in the valence shell (that is, the most loosely held electron)?
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