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Chapter 2: Problem 146

Name the following compounds: a. \(\mathrm{HCl}(g)\) b. \(\mathrm{HBr}(a q)\) c. \(\mathrm{HF}(g)\) d. \(\mathrm{HNO}_{3}(a q)\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
a) Hydrogen chloride; b) Hydrobromic acid; c) Hydrogen fluoride; d) Nitric acid.

Step by step solution

01

Identifying Type of Compound - Gaseous or Aqueous

Determine if the compound is a gas or dissolved in water (aqueous), as this affects the naming convention. For instance, \( \mathrm{HCl}(g) \) is a gaseous hydrogen compound, while \( \mathrm{HBr}(aq) \) is an aqueous hydrogen compound (acid).
02

Naming Gaseous Hydrogen Compounds

Gaseous compounds like \( \mathrm{HCl}(g) \) and \( \mathrm{HF}(g) \) are named by prefixing the word "hydrogen" followed by the name of the anion with the suffix "ide". This results in "hydrogen chloride" for \( \mathrm{HCl}(g) \) and "hydrogen fluoride" for \( \mathrm{HF}(g) \).
03

Naming Aqueous Acids - Binary Acids

For compounds like \( \mathrm{HBr}(aq) \,\) which are binary acids, use the prefix "hydro-", the base name of the nonmetal anion, and the suffix "-ic". Thus, \( \mathrm{HBr}(aq) \) is named "hydrobromic acid". It is a binary acid because it contains only hydrogen and one other nonmetal.
04

Naming Ternary Acids

For acids like \( \mathrm{HNO}_3(aq) \,\) which are ternary (containing oxygen), name the acid based on the polyatomic ion. The polyatomic ion \( \mathrm{NO}_3^- \) is called "nitrate". Replace "ate" with "ic" and add "acid", resulting in "nitric acid" for \( \mathrm{HNO}_3(aq) \).

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Binary Acids Naming
Binary acids consist of hydrogen and one other nonmetal element. The naming of binary acids depends on whether the compound is in its gaseous or aqueous form. When dissolved in water, such as with \( \mathrm{HBr}(aq) \), a specific nomenclature is used:
  • Start with the prefix "hydro-" to signify the hydrogen component.
  • Use the base name of the nonmetal element, like "bromo" from bromine.
  • Add the suffix "-ic" to complete the name.
This results in the name "hydrobromic acid" for \( \mathrm{HBr}(aq) \). It's important to note that these naming rules apply when the compound is aqueous, meaning it is dissolved in water.
Ternary Acids Naming
Ternary acids, also called oxyacids, contain hydrogen, a nonmetal, and oxygen. The naming of these acids is based on the polyatomic ion present. For instance, consider \( \mathrm{HNO}_3(aq) \):
  • Identify the polyatomic ion. In \( \mathrm{HNO}_3 \), the ion is nitrate \( \mathrm{NO}_3^- \)
  • Change the ending of the ion name from "-ate" to "-ic" to form "nitric".
  • Finally, append "acid" to the name.
Thus, \( \mathrm{HNO}_3(aq) \) is named "nitric acid". Understanding these rules helps in recognizing and naming various acidic compounds derived from polyatomic ions.
Gaseous Hydrogen Compounds
Gaseous hydrogen compounds consist of hydrogen atoms combined with halogens. Their naming follows a different protocol compared to binary and ternary acids. Consider examples such as \( \mathrm{HCl}(g) \) and \( \mathrm{HF}(g) \):
  • The name begins with "hydrogen" to indicate the hydrogen component.
  • The root name of the anion follows; for \( \mathrm{Cl}^- \), it becomes chloride.
  • The suffix "-ide" is added to conclude the name.
This results in the names "hydrogen chloride" and "hydrogen fluoride" for \( \mathrm{HCl}(g) \) and \( \mathrm{HF}(g) \), respectively. Such a naming approach clearly specifies the gaseous nature of the compound.
Chemical Nomenclature
Chemical nomenclature is a systematic method for naming chemical substances. It's essential for facilitating clear communication in the scientific community. While naming acids and other compounds, several rules need to be followed:
  • Determine whether the compound involves ionic or covalent bonds, as this affects naming conventions.
  • Use precise prefixes, roots, and suffixes based on the composition and form of the compound.
  • Keep in mind the physical state of the substance, as it can alter the name, such as in gaseous versus aqueous states.
By adhering to these detailed guidelines, a standardized naming system is maintained, enabling better understanding and information exchange worldwide.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The following table gives the number of protons and neutrons in the nuclei of various atoms. Which atom is the isotope of atom \(\mathrm{A}\) ? Which atom has the same mass number as atom \(\mathrm{A}\) ? $$ \begin{array}{lll} & \text { Protons } & \text { Neutrons } \\ \text { Atom A } & 18 & 19 \\ \text { Atom B } & 16 & 19 \\ \text { Atom C } & 18 & 18 \\ \text { Atom D } & 17 & 20 \end{array} $$

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