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Chapter 7: Problem 61

One strand of DNA contains the base sequence \(\mathrm{T}-\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{G}\). Draw a structure of this section of DNA that shows the hydrogen bonding between the base pairs of this strand and its complementary strand.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The complementary sequence is A-G-C, with hydrogen bonds: T-A (2 bonds), C-G (3 bonds).

Step by step solution

01

Identify the Complementary Strand Sequence

For the given DNA sequence, identify the complementary bases. The base pairing rules are: Thymine (T) pairs with Adenine (A) and Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G). Therefore, the complementary strand for the sequence T-C-G is A-G-C.
02

Understand Hydrogen Bonding Between Base Pairs

Each pair of complementary bases forms hydrogen bonds. Specifically, Adenine (A) and Thymine (T) form 2 hydrogen bonds, whereas Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G) form 3 hydrogen bonds.
03

Draw the DNA Strand Structure

Draw two parallel lines to represent the sugar-phosphate backbones of the DNA double helix. On one strand, write the provided sequence T-C-G, and on the opposite strand, write the complementary sequence A-G-C, aligning each base with its pair.
04

Illustrate the Hydrogen Bonds

Between each pair of complementary bases, draw lines to represent the hydrogen bonds. For T-A pairs, draw 2 lines, and for C-G pairs, draw 3 lines. This illustrates the specific hydrogen bonding interactions between the nucleotides.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Hydrogen Bonding in DNA
Hydrogen bonds play a critical role in holding the two strands of DNA together. These are weak interactions that are essential for the structure and stability of the DNA double helix. Hydrogen bonds form between complementary nitrogenous bases in opposite DNA strands.

Each pair of bases鈥擜denine (A) with Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) with Guanine (G)鈥攃onnect across the strands by hydrogen bonds:
  • A-T pairs utilize two hydrogen bonds. This connection helps maintain a less rigid but stable linkage that holds the strands together.
  • C-G pairs have three hydrogen bonds. This makes them stronger and more stable than A-T pairs, contributing to the overall stability of the DNA.
When drawing the DNA structure, lines are used to depict these vital bonds between the base pairs. These bonds, though individually weak, collectively play a vital role in maintaining the DNA's double helix, allowing it to be both stable and flexible for biological mechanisms like replication and transcription.
Complementary DNA Strands
Complementary DNA strands are a hallmark feature of the DNA double helix. The idea here is that the sequence of one DNA strand precisely determines the sequence of its partner strand.

This complementarity is defined by specific base pairing rules:
  • Thymine (T) always pairs with Adenine (A).
  • Cytosine (C) always pairs with Guanine (G).
Thus, if you have a DNA sequence like T-C-G on one strand, the complementary strand will be A-G-C. These connections ensure that during DNA replication, the sequence can be accurately copied.

The complementary nature of the strands also means that if you know the sequence of one strand, you can easily deduce the sequence of the other. This is vital for genetic information to be passed on accurately within biological processes.
Nucleotide Interactions
Nucleotide interactions are fundamental to the structure and function of DNA. A nucleotide is composed of three components: a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Each nucleotide connects to its partner through these components.

In DNA:
  • The backbone is formed by sugar-phosphate connections. This creates a strong framework for the DNA structure.
  • The bases, which are attached to the sugars, reach inward and form hydrogen bonds with bases on the opposite DNA strand.
These interactions are crucial because they offer the perfect structural balance needed for the DNA's functions in the cell. The sugar-phosphate backbone provides stability, while the hydrogen bonding between bases allows the double helix to open for replication and transcription, processes essential for life.

Understanding these interactions helps to realize how the unique features of DNA strands contribute to its central role in genetics and cellular functions.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

In addition to carbonate ion, carbon and oxygen form the croconate ion, a polyatomic ion with the formula \(\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{O}_{5}^{2-}\). (a) Write the Lewis structure for this ion. (b) Describe the hybridization of each carbon atom. (c) Is the croconate ion planar? Explain your reasoning.

Nitrosyl azide, a yellow solid first synthesized in \(1993,\) has the molecular formula \(\mathrm{N}_{4} \mathrm{O}\). (a) Write its Lewis structure. (b) What is the hybridization on the terminal nitrogen? (c) What is the hybridization on the "central" nitrogen? (d) Which is the shortest nitrogen-nitrogen bond? (e) Give the approximate bond angle between the three nitrogens, beginning with the nitrogen that is bonded to oxygen. (f) Give the approximate bond angle between the last three nitrogens, those not involved in bonding to oxygen. (g) How many sigma bonds are there? How many pi bonds?

ACE solution was a mixture used as an anesthetic in the mid- to late-1800s. It contained ethanol \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}\right),\) chloroform ( \(\left.\mathrm{CHCl}_{3}\right),\) and diethyl ether, \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{3} .\) Explain, on a molecular basis, why chloroform and diethyl ether are miscible, that is, they dissolve in each other.

These are examples of molecules and ions that do not obey the octet rule. After drawing the Lewis structure, describe the electron-region geometry and the molecular geometry for each. (a) \(\mathrm{ClF}_{2}^{-}\) (b) \(\mathrm{ClF}_{3}\) (c) \(\mathrm{ClF}_{4}^{-}\) (d) \(\mathrm{ClF}_{-}\)

Gamma hydroxybutyric acid, GHB, infamous as a "date rape" drug, is used illicitly because of its effects on the nervous system. The condensed molecular formula for \(\mathrm{GHB}\) is \(\mathrm{HO}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{3} \mathrm{COOH} .\) (a) Write the Lewis structure for GHB. (b) Identify the hybridization of the carbon atom in the \(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\) groups and of the terminal carbon. (c) Is hydrogen bonding possible in GHB? If so, write Lewis structures to illustrate the hydrogen bonding. (d) Which carbon atoms are involved in sigma bonds? In pi bonds? (e) Which oxygen atom is involved in sigma bonds? In pi bonds?
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