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Chapter 4: Problem 38

Classify each of the following aqueous solutions as a nonelectrolyte, weak electrolyte, or strong electrolyte: (a) \(\mathrm{PbCl}_{2}\), (b) \(\mathrm{N}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3}\) (c) \(\mathrm{CsOH}\), (d) \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{~S},\) (e) \(\mathrm{CrCl}_{2}\) (f) \(\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COO}\right)_{2}\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) \(\mathrm{PbCl}_{2}\): weak electrolyte; (b) \(\mathrm{N}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3}\): nonelectrolyte; (c) \(\mathrm{CsOH}\): strong electrolyte; (d) \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{~S}\): weak electrolyte; (e) \(\mathrm{CrCl}_{2}\): strong electrolyte; (f) \(\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COO}\right)_{2}\): strong electrolyte.

Step by step solution

01

(a) Classify \(\mathrm{PbCl}_{2}\)

: \(\mathrm{PbCl}_{2}\) is an ionic compound (lead(II) chloride), and ionic compounds are usually strong electrolytes. However, \(\mathrm{PbCl}_{2}\) is not very soluble in water, so it dissociates slightly, making it a weak electrolyte.
02

(b) Classify \(\mathrm{N}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3}\)

: \(\mathrm{N}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3}\), trimethylamine, is a covalent compound that does not dissociate into ions when dissolved in water. Therefore, it is a nonelectrolyte.
03

(c) Classify \(\mathrm{CsOH}\)

: \(\mathrm{CsOH}\), cesium hydroxide, is an ionic compound and it dissociates completely in water. Alkali metal hydroxides are strong electrolytes, so \(\mathrm{CsOH}\) is a strong electrolyte.
04

(d) Classify \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{~S}\)

: \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{S}\), hydrogen sulfide, is a covalent compound. It is a weak acid that ionizes slightly in water, producing hydrogen ions (\(H^+\)) and sulfide ions (\(S^{2-}\)). Therefore, \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{S}\) is a weak electrolyte.
05

(e) Classify \(\mathrm{CrCl}_{2}\)

: \(\mathrm{CrCl}_{2}\), chromium(II) chloride, is an ionic compound that dissociates completely in water, producing chromium ions (\(Cr^{2+}\)) and chloride ions (\(Cl^-\)). Therefore, \(\mathrm{CrCl}_{2}\) is a strong electrolyte.
06

(f) Classify \(\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COO}\right)_{2}\)

: \(\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COO}\right)_{2}\), nickel(II) acetate, is an ionic compound that dissociates completely in water, producing nickel ions (\(Ni^{2+}\)) and acetate ions (\(CH_{3}COO^-\)). Therefore, \(\mathrm{Ni}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COO}\right)_{2}\) is a strong electrolyte.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Nonelectrolyte
Nonelectrolytes are compounds that do not produce ions when dissolved in water. This means they do not conduct electricity because there are no charged particles available to carry the current. Nonelectrolytes typically consist of molecules, rather than ions. Most covalent compounds fall into this category, which includes many organic substances like sugars and alcohols.
One example is trimethylamine, ext{N(CH}_3)_3, which can dissolve in water but remains as whole molecules. Since these molecules do not dissociate into ions, no electricity is conducted.
  • Do not dissociate into ions.
  • Do not conduct electricity.
  • Often covalent compounds like organic substances.
Weak Electrolyte
Weak electrolytes partially dissociate into ions when dissolved in water. This incomplete ionization means that only a fraction of the solute exists as ions, resulting in a weak ability to conduct electricity. Weak acids and weak bases are common examples of weak electrolytes.
Consider the case of ext{H}_2 ext{S}, or hydrogen sulfide. It ionizes slightly in water, producing some hydrogen ions ( ext{H}^+ ) and sulfide ions ( ext{S}^{2-} ), but not enough to conduct electricity strongly.
  • Partial ionization in water.
  • Weak electrical conductivity.
  • Includes weak acids like hydrogen sulfide.
Strong Electrolyte
Strong electrolytes dissociate completely into ions when added to water, yielding solutions that conduct electricity very well. Because of this full ionization, strong electrolytes are often ionic compounds or strong acids.
Examples include ionic compounds like cesium hydroxide ( ext{CsOH} ) and chromium(II) chloride ( ext{CrCl}_2 ). Both dissociate fully in solution, ensuring maximum conductivity.
  • Complete dissociation into ions.
  • Excellent electrical conductivity.
  • Usually ionic compounds or strong acids/bases.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Label each of the following substances as an acid, base, salt, or none of the above. Indicate whether the substance existsin aqueous solution entirely in molecular form, entirely as ions, or as a mixture of molecules and ions. (a) HF, (b) acetonitrile, \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CN},(\mathbf{c}) \mathrm{NaClO}_{4},\) (d) \(\mathrm{Ba}(\mathrm{OH})_{2} \cdot\)

True or false: (a) If a substance is oxidized, there must be more oxygen in the substance. (b) If a substance is oxidized, it must lose at least one electron and form an anion.

State whether each of the following statements is true or false. Justify your answer in each case. (a) When acetone, \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COCH}_{3}\), is dissolved in water, a conducting solution results. (b) When ammonium nitrate, \(\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{NO}_{3}\), dissolves in water, the solution is weakly conducting and basic in nature.

(a) How many milliliters of \(0.120 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{HCl}\) are needed to completely neutralize \(50.0 \mathrm{~mL}\) of \(0.101 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{Ba}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}\) solution? (b) How many milliliters of \(0.125 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\) are needed to neutralize \(0.200 \mathrm{~g}\) of \(\mathrm{NaOH}\) ? (c) If \(55.8 \mathrm{~mL}\) of a \(\mathrm{BaCl}_{2}\) solution is needed to precipitate all the sulfate ion in a \(752-\mathrm{mg}\) sample of \(\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\), what is the molarity of the \(\mathrm{BaCl}_{2}\) solution? (d) If \(42.7 \mathrm{~mL}\) of \(0.208 \mathrm{MHCl}\) solution is needed to neutralize a solution of \(\mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}\), how many grams of \(\mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}\) must be in the solution?

Neurotransmitters are molecules that are released by nerve cells to other cells in our bodies, and are needed for muscle motion, thinking, feeling, and memory. Dopamine is a common neurotransmitter in the human brain. (a) Predict what kind of reaction dopamine is most likely to undergo in water: redox, acid-base, precipitation, or metathesis? Explain your reasoning. (b) Patients with Parkinson's disease suffer from a shortage of dopamine and may need to take it to reduce symptoms. An IV (intravenous fluid) bag is filled with a solution that contains \(400.0 \mathrm{mg}\) dopamine per \(250.0 \mathrm{~mL}\) of solution. What is the concentration of dopamine in the IV bag in units of molarity? (c) Experiments with rats show that if rats are dosed with \(3.0 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg}\) of cocaine (that is, \(3.0 \mathrm{mg}\) cocaine per \(\mathrm{kg}\) of animal mass), the concentration of dopamine in their brains increases by \(0.75 \mu M\) after 60 seconds. Calculate how many molecules of dopamine would be produced in a rat (average brain volume \(5.00 \mathrm{~mm}^{3}\) ) after 60 seconds of a \(3.0 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg}\) dose of cocaine.
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