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Chapter 24: Problem 51

Write a balanced chemical equation using condensed structural formulas for the saponification (base hydrolysis) of (a) methyl propionate, \((\mathbf{b})\) phenyl acetate.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The balanced chemical equations for the saponification of (a) methyl propionate and (b) phenyl acetate are: a) \(CH_3CH_2COOCH_3 + NaOH \rightarrow CH_3CH_2COONa + CH_3OH\) b) \(C_6H_5COOCH_3 + NaOH \rightarrow C_6H_5COONa + CH_3OH\)

Step by step solution

01

a) Saponification of methyl propionate

Step 1: Identify the reactants Methyl propionate is an ester with the condensed structural formula CH_3CH_2COOCH_3. The base used in saponification is usually a hydroxide ion (OH^鈦�). In this case, let's use sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the base. Step 2: Write the unbalanced equation Now, we can write the unbalanced equation: CH_3CH_2COOCH_3 + NaOH Step 3: Identify the products The products of the saponification are an alcohol (formed by adding H from the OH^鈦� to the CH_3) and a carboxylate salt (formed by adding the O^鈦� from the OH^鈦� to the ester group). The products are methanol (CH_3OH) and sodium propionate (CH_3CH_2COONa). Step 4: Write the balanced equation The balanced equation for the saponification of methyl propionate is: \[CH_3CH_2COOCH_3 + NaOH \rightarrow CH_3CH_2COONa + CH_3OH\]
02

b) Saponification of phenyl acetate

Step 1: Identify the reactants Phenyl acetate is an ester with the condensed structural formula C_6H_5COOCH_3. Again, let's use sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the base. Step 2: Write the unbalanced equation Now, we can write the unbalanced equation: C_6H_5COOCH_3 + NaOH Step 3: Identify the products The products of the saponification are an alcohol (formed by adding H from the OH^鈦� to the CH_3) and a carboxylate salt (formed by adding the O^鈦� from the OH^鈦� to the ester group). The products are methanol (CH_3OH) and sodium phenylacetate (C_6H_5COONa). Step 4: Write the balanced equation The balanced equation for the saponification of phenyl acetate is: \[C_6H_5COOCH_3 + NaOH \rightarrow C_6H_5COONa + CH_3OH\]

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Chemical Equations
In chemistry, a chemical equation represents a chemical reaction, using symbols and formulas to depict the reactants and products. Saponification is a type of chemical reaction where an ester is hydrolyzed by a base, typically resulting in an alcohol and a salt.
This involves not just identifying the reactants and products but also ensuring the equation is balanced. A balanced chemical equation has equal numbers of each type of atom on both sides of the equation.
Writing a balanced equation involves:
  • Identifying the reactants and products
  • Using chemical formulas for each compound
  • Ensuring that the same number of each type of atom appears on both sides
This approach not only represents the process better but also respects the Law of Conservation of Mass, ensuring no atoms are lost or gained throughout the reaction.
Methyl Propionate
Methyl propionate is an organic compound that falls under the category of esters. It has the structural formula of CH鈧僀H鈧侰OOCH鈧�, representing a molecule comprised of a propionyl group (CH鈧僀H鈧侰OO鈭�) attached to a methoxy group (CH鈧僌鈭�).
In the saponification process, methyl propionate reacts with a base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The hydroxide ion (OH鈦�) attacks the carbon in the ester group, leading to the formation of methanol (CH鈧僌H) and sodium propionate (CH鈧僀H鈧侰OONa).
This reaction can be summarized by the balanced chemical equation:\[CH鈧僀H鈧侰OOCH鈧� + NaOH \rightarrow CH鈧僀H鈧侰OONa + CH鈧僌H\]This equation shows the conversion of the ester into an alcohol and a carboxylate salt, illustrating the fundamentals of saponification in a realistic context.
Phenyl Acetate
Phenyl acetate is another ester showcased in saponification exercises. This compound is represented by the formula C鈧咹鈧匔OOCH鈧�, where a phenyl group (C鈧咹鈧呪垝) is bonded to an acetyl group (CH鈧僀O鈭�), connected by an ester linkage.
During saponification with a base like sodium hydroxide (NaOH), the NaOH dissociates to provide hydroxide ions (OH鈦�). These ions interact with phenyl acetate, transforming it into methanol (CH鈧僌H) and sodium phenylacetate (C鈧咹鈧匔OONa).
The process can be captured in the balanced chemical equation:\[C鈧咹鈧匔OOCH鈧� + NaOH \rightarrow C鈧咹鈧匔OONa + CH鈧僌H\]Like methyl propionate, phenyl acetate undergoes a similar chemical change, emphasizing the role of esters in organic chemistry reactions and the fundamentals that govern these transformations.
Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry focused on carbon-containing compounds, including both simple molecules and complex polymers. Ester saponification is a core reaction in organic chemistry, illustrating how organic compounds interact with bases to yield new products.
In the context of saponification, esters such as methyl propionate and phenyl acetate react with hydroxide ions to form alcohols and salts.
This reaction involves:
  • The cleavage of the ester bond by the base
  • The formation of an alcohol and a carboxylate salt as final products
Understanding these reactions aids in grasping broader organic chemistry principles, such as reactivity, molecular structure, and the nature of chemical transformations. It highlights the versatility of carbon compounds and their significant roles in both biological and industrial processes.

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