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Chapter 2: Problem 27

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in the following atoms? (a) \({ }^{84} \mathrm{Kr}\), (b) \({ }^{200} \mathrm{Hg}\), (c) \(^{59} \mathrm{Co}\), (d) \({ }^{55} \mathrm{Mn}\), (e) \(^{239} \mathrm{U},(\mathbf{f})^{181} \mathrm{Ta}\).

Short Answer

Expert verified
The number of protons (Z), neutrons (N), and electrons (E) for each atom are: (a) Krypton (Kr): Z=36, N=48, E=36 (b) Mercury (Hg): Z=80, N=120, E=80 (c) Cobalt (Co): Z=27, N=32, E=27 (d) Manganese (Mn): Z=25, N=30, E=25 (e) Uranium (U): Z=92, N=147, E=92 (f) Tantalum (Ta): Z=73, N=108, E=73

Step by step solution

01

To find the atomic number (Z), refer to the periodic table for each element symbol. The atomic number represents the number of protons in each atom. #Step 2: Calculate the number of neutrons#

Use the given mass number (A) and the atomic number (Z) determined in step 1 to calculate the number of neutrons (N) in each atom. The formula to calculate the number of neutrons is: \(N = A - Z\). #Step 3: Determine the number of electrons#
02

In a neutral atom, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons (Z). Now, let's apply these steps to each of the given atoms: (a) \({}^{84} \mathrm{Kr}\) #Step 1: Identify the atomic number (Z) for Kr#

The atomic number (Z) of Krypton (Kr) is 36. #Step 2: Calculate the number of neutrons for Kr#
03

Using the mass number (A) 84 and the atomic number (Z) 36, find the number of neutrons: \(N = A - Z = 84 - 36 = 48\) neutrons. #Step 3: Determine the number of electrons for Kr#

There are 36 electrons in a neutral Krypton atom (same as the atomic number). (b) \({}^{200} \mathrm{Hg}\), (c) \(^{59} \mathrm{Co}\), (d) \({}^{55} \mathrm{Mn}\), (e) \(^{239} \mathrm{U},(\mathbf{f})^{181} \mathrm{Ta}\) Following the same steps for the remaining atoms: (b) Mercury (Hg): Z=80, N=120, E=80 (c) Cobalt (Co): Z=27, N=32, E=27 (d) Manganese (Mn): Z=25, N=30, E=25 (e) Uranium (U): Z=92, N=147, E=92 (f) Tantalum (Ta): Z=73, N=108, E=73 So, the number of protons (Z), neutrons (N), and electrons (E) in each atom are: (a) Krypton (Kr): Z=36, N=48, E=36 (b) Mercury (Hg): Z=80, N=120, E=80 (c) Cobalt (Co): Z=27, N=32, E=27 (d) Manganese (Mn): Z=25, N=30, E=25 (e) Uranium (U): Z=92, N=147, E=92 (f) Tantalum (Ta): Z=73, N=108, E=73

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

protons
Protons are fundamental building blocks found in the core of an atom, known as the nucleus. They carry a positive electrical charge. The number of protons in an atom determines its identity and place in the periodic table, referred to as the atomic number (Z).
This number is crucial as it defines the element we are dealing with. For instance,
  • Krypton (Kr) has 36 protons
  • Mercury (Hg) has 80 protons
  • Cobalt (Co) has 27 protons
  • Manganese (Mn) has 25 protons
  • Uranium (U) has 92 protons
  • Tantalum (Ta) has 73 protons
These protons reside in the nucleus and contribute significantly to the mass of the atom. The presence of a unique number of protons means each element has distinct properties, distinguishing it from others. Moreover, protons are stable particles, making the atomic number a consistent identifier for elements.
neutrons
Neutrons are another type of subatomic particle that, alongside protons, make up the nucleus. Unlike protons, neutrons carry no charge, which is why they are referred to as neutral particles.
The number of neutrons in an atom can vary even within atoms of the same element, leading to different isotopes. The presence of neutrons adds mass to the atom but does not affect the chemical properties. To find the number of neutrons (N), subtract the atomic number (Z) from the mass number (A):
  • Krypton (Kr) has 48 neutrons, calculated as 84 - 36
  • Mercury (Hg) has 120 neutrons, 200 - 80
  • Cobalt (Co) has 32 neutrons, 59 - 27
  • Manganese (Mn) has 30 neutrons, 55 - 25
  • Uranium (U) has 147 neutrons, 239 - 92
  • Tantalum (Ta) has 108 neutrons, 181 - 73
By understanding neutron count, we can grasp the concept of isotopes, which are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
electrons
Electrons are the negatively charged subatomic particles orbiting the nucleus. Their arrangement in an atom determines the atom's chemical behavior and conductivity. In a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons to balance the charges. This balance makes the atom electrically neutral. For the atoms we considered:
  • Krypton (Kr) has 36 electrons
  • Mercury (Hg) has 80 electrons
  • Cobalt (Co) has 27 electrons
  • Manganese (Mn) has 25 electrons
  • Uranium (U) has 92 electrons
  • Tantalum (Ta) has 73 electrons
The electrons arrange in shells or energy levels around the nucleus. Chemical reactions mostly involve electrons from the outermost shells participating. Understanding electron distribution is critical in explaining chemical bonding and reactions, as they often share, lose, or gain electrons during reactions.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The structural formulas of the compounds \(n\) -butane and isobutane are shown below. (a) Determine the molecular formula of each. (b) Determine the empirical formula of each. (c) Which formulas-empirical, molecular, or structural-allow you determine these are different compounds?

Locate each of the following elements in the periodic table; give its name and atomic number, and indicate whether it is a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal: (a) \(\mathrm{Hg},(\mathbf{b}) \mathrm{At},(\mathbf{c}) \mathrm{Mo},\) (d) \(\mathrm{W},(\mathbf{e}) \mathrm{Sn},(\mathbf{f}) \mathrm{V},(\mathbf{g}) \mathrm{K}\).

Sodium reacts with oxygen in air to form two compounds: sodium oxide and sodium peroxide. In forming sodium oxide, \(23.0 \mathrm{~g}\) of sodium combines with \(8.0 \mathrm{~g}\) of hydrogen. In forming sodium peroxide, \(23.0 \mathrm{~g}\) of sodium combines with \(16.0 \mathrm{~g}\) of oxygen. (a) What are the mass ratios of oxygen in the two compounds? (b) What fundamental law does this experiment demonstrate?

What fraction of the \(\alpha\) particles in Rutherford's gold foil experiment are scattered at large angles? Assume the gold foil is two layers thick, as shown in Figure \(2.9,\) and that the approximate diameters of a gold atom and its nucleus are 270 \(\mathrm{pm}\) and \(1.0 \times 10^{-2} \mathrm{pm}\), respectively. Assume that the gold nuclei in each layer are offset from each other.

Carbonic acid occurs in carbonated beverages. When allowed to react with lithium hydroxide, it produces lithium carbonate. Lithium carbonate is used to treat depression and bipolar disorder. Write chemical formulas for carbonic acid, lithium hydroxide, and lithium carbonate.
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