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Chapter 1: Problem 13

Classify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture. If a mixture, indicate whether it is homogeneous of heterogeneous: (a) air, \((\mathbf{b})\) chocolate with almond, \((\mathbf{c})\) alumin- (d) iodine tincture. ium,

Short Answer

Expert verified
- Air is a homogeneous mixture. - Chocolate with almond is a heterogeneous mixture. - Aluminum is a pure substance. - Iodine tincture is a homogeneous mixture.

Step by step solution

01

(a) Classifying air as a pure substance or a mixture

Air consists of different gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and others present in variable proportions. Because it contains multiple components, air is a mixture. To determine if it is a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture, we must consider how uniformly the gases are distributed. Since the gases in the air mix uniformly, air is a homogeneous mixture.
02

(b) Classifying chocolate with almond as a pure substance or a mixture

Chocolate with almonds consists of at least two different substances: chocolate and almonds. Thus, it is a mixture. To determine if it is a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture, we must analyze the distribution of the components. In the case of chocolate with almonds, the distribution of almonds in the chocolate is not uniform; we can see regions with just chocolate and regions with almonds. Thus, chocolate with almond is a heterogeneous mixture.
03

(c) Classifying aluminum as a pure substance or a mixture

Aluminum is an element that appears on the periodic table. It is composed of only aluminum atoms, and there are no other substances mixed with it. Therefore, aluminum is a pure substance.
04

(d) Classifying iodine tincture as a pure substance or a mixture

Iodine tincture is a solution that consists of iodine dissolved in alcohol or another solvent. Because it has both iodine and a solvent such as alcohol, it is a mixture. Seeing as the iodine is uniformly dissolved in the solvent, it is a homogeneous mixture. In summary: - Air is a homogeneous mixture. - Chocolate with almond is a heterogeneous mixture. - Aluminum is a pure substance. - Iodine tincture is a homogeneous mixture.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Pure Substances
Pure substances are materials composed of one type of particle. They have consistent properties throughout. Examples include elements and compounds.

Elements consist of a single type of atom, like aluminum or gold. Compounds are made from two or more elements that are chemically bonded, such as water or carbon dioxide.

These substances have fixed melting and boiling points. For instance, pure aluminum is just aluminum atoms with no impurities.
  • Elements: single type of atom, found on the periodic table.
  • Compounds: chemically bonded elements, represented by chemical formulas.
Understanding pure substances helps identify materials with uniform characteristics.
Mixtures
Mixtures involve two or more substances combined physically, not chemically. This means the components retain their original properties and can be separated by physical processes.

Mixtures don鈥檛 have a fixed composition. They can differ in proportions and can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. Some common examples include air, chocolate with almonds, and iodine tincture.
  • Physically combined: can be separated by processes like filtration or distillation.
  • Variable composition: differing amounts of each component.
Knowing how to classify mixtures is crucial to understanding material composition.
Homogeneous Mixtures
Homogeneous mixtures are uniform in composition. This means the different components are evenly distributed throughout the mixture.

These mixtures are often referred to as solutions. For instance, air is a homogeneous mixture since the gases are mixed uniformly. Another example is iodine tincture, where iodine is evenly dissolved in alcohol.
  • Uniform composition: can't see different components.
  • Examples include vinegar, saltwater, and alloys.
Recognizing homogeneous mixtures helps in distinguishing them from heterogeneous ones.
Heterogeneous Mixtures
Heterogeneous mixtures have visibly different components or phases. These mixtures do not have uniform distribution, leading to distinct regions of different substances.

Chocolate with almonds is a classic example. You can easily see and separate the chocolate from the almonds due to the uneven distribution.
  • Non-uniform composition: can see different parts.
  • Examples include salad, cereal with milk, and granite.
Understanding heterogeneous mixtures is key to identifying materials that aren't uniformly mixed.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

What is the number of significant figures in each of the following measured quantities? (a) \(902.5 \mathrm{~kg}\), (b) \(3 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~m}\), (c) \(0.0096 \mathrm{~L}\), (d) \(2.94 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{~m}^{2}\) (e) \(92.03 \mathrm{~km}\) (f) \(782.234 \mathrm{~g}\).

(a) The speed of light in a vacuum is \(2.998 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). Calculate its speed in miles per hour. (b) The Sears Tower in Chicago is \(1454 \mathrm{ft}\) tall. Calculate its height in meters. \((\mathbf{c})\) The Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida has a volume of \(3,666,500 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\). Convert this volume to liters and express the result in standard exponential notation. (d) An individual suffering from a high cholesterol level in her blood has \(242 \mathrm{mg}\) of cholesterol per \(100 \mathrm{~mL}\) of blood. If the total blood volume of the individual is \(5.2 \mathrm{~L}\), how many grams of total blood cholesterol does the individual's body contain?

A solid white substance \(A\) is heated strongly in the absence of air. It decomposes to form a new white substance \(\mathrm{B}\) and a gas C. The gas has exactly the same properties as the product obtained when carbon is burned in an excess of oxygen. Based on these observations, can we determine whether solids A and \(\mathrm{B}\) and gas \(\mathrm{C}\) are elements or compounds?

Classify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture, If a mixture, indicate whether it is homogeneous or heterogeneous: (a) milk, (b) beer, (c) diamond, (d) mayonnaise.

(a) A sample of tetrachloroethylene, a liquid used in dry cleaning that is being phased out because of its potential to cause cancer, has a mass of \(40.55 \mathrm{~g}\) and a volume of \(25.0 \mathrm{~mL}\) at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). What is its density at this temperature? Will tetrachloroethylene float on water? (Materials that are less dense than water will float.) (b) Carbon dioxide \(\left(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\right)\) is a gas at room temperature and pressure. However, carbon dioxide can be put under pressure to become a "supercritical fluid" that is a much safer dry-cleaning agent than tetrachloroethylene. At a certain pressure, the density of supercritical \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) is \(0.469 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\). What is the mass of a \(25.0-\mathrm{mL}\) sample of supercritical \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) at this pressure?
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