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(a) What atoms must a molecule contain to participate in hydrogen bonding with other molecules of the same kind? (b) Which of the following molecules can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules of the same kind: \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{~F}, \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NH}_{2}, \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}, \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{Br} ?\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) A molecule must contain hydrogen atoms bonded to fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen and have a lone pair of electrons on the electronegative atom to participate in hydrogen bonding with other molecules of the same kind. (b) The molecules that can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules of the same kind are \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NH}_{2}\) and \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}\).

Step by step solution

01

Identify the criteria for hydrogen bonding

For a molecule to participate in hydrogen bonding with other molecules of the same kind, it must possess two features: 1. A hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom, such as fluorine (F), oxygen (O), or nitrogen (N). This is because these atoms, when bonded to a hydrogen atom, attract the electron density between them, creating a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atom. 2. A lone pair of electrons on the electronegative atom (F, O, or N) that can attract the partially positive charged hydrogen atoms of other molecules and form a non-covalent bond - the hydrogen bond. #a# Thus, a molecule must contain hydrogen atoms bonded to fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen and have a lone pair of electrons on the electronegative atom to participate in hydrogen bonding with other molecules of the same kind.
02

Identify which of the given molecules can form hydrogen bonds

Now that we know the criteria for hydrogen bonding, let's analyze each of the given molecules: 1. \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{F}\): The hydrogen atoms are bonded to carbon, not fluorine, so it doesn't satisfy the first criterion. 2. \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NH}_{2}\): The hydrogen atoms are bonded to nitrogen, and nitrogen has a lone pair of electrons. This molecule satisfies both criteria and can form hydrogen bonds. 3. \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}\): The hydrogen atoms are bonded to oxygen, and oxygen has two lone pairs of electrons. This molecule satisfies both criteria and can form hydrogen bonds. 4. \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{Br}\): The hydrogen atoms are bonded to carbon, not bromine, so it doesn't satisfy the first criterion.
03

Consolidate the answer

Only the molecules that satisfy both hydrogen bonding criteria can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules of the same kind. Based on our analysis, the molecules that can form hydrogen bonds are: \(b\) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NH}_{2}\) and \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}\) Thus, these are the molecules that can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules of the same kind.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

For many years drinking water has been cooled in hot climates by evaporating it from the surfaces of canvas bags or porous clay pots. How many grams of water can be cooled from \(35^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) to \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) by the evaporation of \(60 \mathrm{~g}\) of water? (The heat of vaporization of water in this temperature range is \(2.4 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{g}\). The specific heat of water is \(4.18 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{g}-\mathrm{K} .)\)

The following quote about ammonia \(\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)\) is from a textbook of inorganic chemistry: "It is estimated that \(26 \%\) of the hydrogen bonding in \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\) breaks down on melting, \(7 \%\) on warming from the melting to the boiling point, and the final \(67 \%\) on transfer to the gas phase at the boiling point." From the standpoint of the kinetic energy of the molecules, explain (a) why there is a decrease of hydrogen-bonding energy on melting and (b) why most of the loss in hydrogen bonding occurs in the transition from the liquid to the vapor state.

If you mix olive oil with water, the olive oil will float on top of the water. The density of water is \(1.00 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\) at room temperature. (a) Is the density of olive oil more or less than \(1.00 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} ?\) (b) The density of olive oil in its liquid phase does vary with temperature. Do you think olive oil would be more dense or less dense at higher temperatures? Explain.

The normal melting and boiling points of \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) are \(-218^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and \(-183{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) respectively. Its triple point is at \(-219^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and \(1.14\) torr, and its critical point is at \(-119^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and \(49.8\) atm. (a) Sketch the phase diagram for \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\), showing the four points given and indicating the area in which each phase is stable. (b) Will \(\mathrm{O}_{2}(s)\) float on \(\mathrm{O}_{2}(t) ?\) Explain. (c) As it is heated, will solid \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) sublime or melt under a pressure of 1 atm?

Describe the intermolecular forces that must be overcome to convert each of the following from a liquid or solid to a gas: (a) \(\mathrm{I}_{2}\), (b) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}\), (c) \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{Se}\).

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