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Chapter 12: Problem 86

Write a balanced chemical equation for the formation of polymer via a condensation reaction from the monomers succinic acid (HOOCCH \(_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{COOH}\) ) and ethylenediamine \(\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{NCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{NH}_{2}\right)\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
The balanced chemical equation for the formation of the polymer via a condensation reaction between succinic acid and ethylenediamine is: \[ n\left( \mathrm{HOOCCH}_{2}\mathrm{CH}_{2}\mathrm{COOH}\right) + n\left( \mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{NCH}_{2}\mathrm{CH}_{2}\mathrm{NH}_{2}\right) \rightarrow \left[ \mathrm{-(OOCCH}_{2}\mathrm{CH}_{2}\mathrm{CO)}_{n}\mathrm{NHCH}_{2}\mathrm{CH}_{2}\mathrm{NH}- \right] + n \left( \mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O} \right) \] This equation represents the formation of the polymer, consisting of alternating succinic acid and ethylenediamine units with amide linkages, and the release of water molecules in the process.

Step by step solution

01

Identify the functional groups that will react in condensation reaction

In both monomers, there are functional groups that react with one another: the carboxylic acid group (-COOH) of succinic acid, and the amine group (-NH2) of ethylenediamine. These two functional groups will react in a condensation reaction, forming an amide linkage.
02

Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between succinic acid and ethylenediamine

We will now write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between one molecule of succinic acid and one molecule of ethylenediamine: \[ \mathrm{HOOCCH}_{2}\mathrm{CH}_{2}\mathrm{COOH} + \mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{NCH}_{2}\mathrm{CH}_{2}\mathrm{NH}_{2} \rightarrow \] \[ \mathrm{HOOCCH}_{2}\mathrm{CH}_{2}\mathrm{CONHCH}_{2}\mathrm{CH}_{2}\mathrm{NH}_{2} + \mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O} \] In this equation, one carboxylic acid group of succinic acid reacted with one amine group of ethylenediamine, forming an amide linkage and a water molecule.
03

Write the balanced chemical equation for the polymer formation

Now that we have the chemical equation for the reaction between the monomers, we will write the balanced chemical equation for the polymer formation via condensation reaction: \(n\) molecules of succinic acid + \(n\) molecules of ethylenediamine \(\rightarrow\) Polymer + \(n\) molecules of water \[ n\left( \mathrm{HOOCCH}_{2}\mathrm{CH}_{2}\mathrm{COOH}\right) + n\left( \mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{NCH}_{2}\mathrm{CH}_{2}\mathrm{NH}_{2}\right) \rightarrow \] \[ \left[ \mathrm{-(OOCCH}_{2}\mathrm{CH}_{2}\mathrm{CO)}_{n}\mathrm{NHCH}_{2}\mathrm{CH}_{2}\mathrm{NH}- \right] + n \left( \mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O} \right) \] This balanced chemical equation represents the formation of the polymer by condensation reaction between succinic acid and ethylenediamine monomers. The polymer chain consists of alternating succinic acid and ethylenediamine units with amide linkages.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Polymer Formation
Polymer formation is a process where smaller molecules, called monomers, join together to form long chains known as polymers. This process can occur through several different mechanisms, one of the most common being condensation reactions.

In condensation polymerization, monomers link through a chemical reaction that usually releases a small molecule such as water or methanol. Each time a new monomer is added, a by-product, typically water, is released. This is why the reaction is called a "condensation" reaction.

The final polymer is a large structure made of repeating units of the monomers, which are linked by the specific types of chemical bonds formed during the reactions. These polymers can have diverse applications depending on their structure and the types of monomers used.
Succinic Acid
Succinic acid is an important organic compound with the formula \ \(\mathrm{HOOCCH}_{2}\mathrm{CH}_{2}\mathrm{COOH} \ \). It is a dicarboxylic acid, meaning it has two carboxylic acid groups (\(-COOH\)).

These carboxylic groups are highly reactive in condensation polymerizations, allowing succinic acid to act as a monomer when forming polymers. When it reacts in a condensation reaction, it typically loses one molecule of water per linkage formed.

This property makes succinic acid a crucial building block in the creation of many biodegradable polymers. Because of its natural occurrence and eco-friendly profile, succinic acid is often used in green chemistry applications.
Ethylenediamine
Ethylenediamine is a type of organic compound that contains two amine groups, signified by \ \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{NCH}_{2}\mathrm{CH}_{2}\mathrm{NH}_{2} \ \). Known as a diamine, it is highly reactive, particularly with carboxylic acids.

In condensation polymerizations, ethylenediamine's amine groups can react with the carboxylic acid groups of monomers like succinic acid. This reaction leads to the formation of an amide bond, which is strong and stable. Ethylenediamine's two amine groups make it well-suited for building cross-linked, durable polymer networks.

Because of its high reactivity, ethylenediamine is commonly used in the production of polyamides and other complex polymers that require robust chemical interlinkages.
Amide Linkage
Amide linkages are a type of bond formed when a carboxylic acid group reacts with an amine group. This reaction, often referred to as a condensation reaction, results in the formation of an amide bond and the release of a water molecule.

In the context of polymer chemistry, amide linkages are crucial as they form the backbone of many synthetic and natural polymers, such as proteins and nylons. The formation of an amide bond involves the connection of the nitrogen atom from the amine group to the carbon atom of the carboxylic acid group after the release of water.

The strength and stability of amide linkages make them essential in various materials that require durability and endurance, significantly enhancing the polymer's properties.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Indicate whether each statement is true or false: $$ \begin{array}{l}{\text { (a) Substitutional alloys tend to be more ductile than inter- }} \\ {\text { stitial alloys. }} \\ {\text { (b) Interstitial alloys tend to form between elements with }} \\ {\text { similar ionic radii. }} \\ {\text { (c) Nonmetallic elements are never found in alloys. }}\end{array} $$

Covalent bonding occurs in both molecular and covalent network solids. Which of the following statements best explains why these two kinds of solids differ so greatly in their hardness and melting points? $$ \begin{array}{l}{\text { (a) The molecules in molecular solids have stronger covalent bonding than covalent-network solids do. }} \\ {\text { (b) The molecules in molecular solids are held together by weak intermolecular interactions. }}\end{array} $$ $$ \begin{array}{l}{\text { (c) The atoms in covalent-network solids are more polarizable than those in molecular solids. }} \\ {\text { (d) Molecular solids are denser than covalent-network solids. }}\end{array} $$

Selected chlorides have the following melting points: NaCl \(\left(801^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right), \mathrm{MgCl}_{2}\left(714^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right), \mathrm{PCl}_{3}\left(-94^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right), \mathrm{SCl}_{2}\left(-121^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)\) $$ \begin{array}{l}{\text { (a) For each compound, indicate what type its solid }} \\ {\text { form is (molecular, metallic, ionic, or covalent-network). }} \\\ {\text { (b) Predict which of the following compounds has a }} \\ {\text { higher melting point: } \mathrm{CaCl}_{2} \text { or } \mathrm{SiCl}_{4} \text { . }}\end{array} $$

Determine if each statement is true or false: (a) Substitutional alloys are solid solutions, but interstitial alloys are heterogenous alloys. (b) Substitutional alloys have "solute" atoms that replace "solvent" atoms in a lattice, but interstitial alloys have "solute" atoms that are in between the "solvent" atoms in a lattice. (c) The atomic radii of the atoms in a substitutional alloy are similar to each other, but in an interstitial alloy, the interstitial atoms are a lot smaller than the host lattice atoms.

(a) What molecular features make a polymer flexible? (b) If you cross-link a polymer, is it more flexible or less flexible than it was before?
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