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Chapter 1: Problem 3

Musical instruments like trumpets and trombones are made from an alloy called brass. Brass is composed of copper and zinc atoms and appears homogeneous under an optical mi-croscope. The approximate composition of most brass objects is a \(2 : 1\) ratio of copper to zinc atoms, but the exact ratio varies somewhat from one piece of brass to another.(a) Would you classify brass as an element, a compound, a homogeneous mixture, or a heterogeneous mixture? (b) Would it be correct to say that brass is a solution? [ Section 1.2\(]\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) Brass is a homogeneous mixture. (b) Yes, it would be correct to say that brass is a solution.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom. A compound is a pure substance made of two or more elements chemically bound together in a fixed proportion. A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bound together. A homogeneous mixture has a uniform composition throughout, while a heterogeneous mixture does not have a uniform composition and its components are easily distinguishable.
02

Classifying brass

Brass is composed of copper and zinc atoms, and its composition varies somewhat from one piece of brass to another. The approximate ratio of copper to zinc atoms is \(2:1\). Since brass is composed of two different types of atoms (copper and zinc) and its composition is not fixed, it cannot be considered an element or a compound. Brass appears homogeneous under an optical microscope, so it can be classified as a homogeneous mixture.
03

Determining if brass is a solution

A solution is a type of homogeneous mixture where one substance is uniformly distributed in another substance at the molecular or ionic level. In brass, copper and zinc atoms are uniformly distributed, making it a homogeneous mixture. Thus, it would be correct to say that brass is a solution. Answer: (a) Brass is a homogeneous mixture. (b) Yes, it would be correct to say that brass is a solution.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Homogeneous Mixture
A homogeneous mixture is a type of mixture where the composition is consistent and uniform throughout the entire substance. That means if you were to take samples from any part of the mixture, each sample would have the same number and types of components.

In the case of brass, it's made by combining copper and zinc. Once these metals are mixed, they form a consistent appearance even under a microscope. This even distribution of components is what makes brass a homogeneous mixture.
  • Uniform appearance and texture
  • Components cannot be distinguished even under a microscope
  • Example: brass is made of copper and zinc evenly mixed
Homogeneous mixtures vary in form and can be found as solids, liquids, or gases. Other examples like air and saltwater also fall into this category.
Solution
A solution is a specific kind of homogeneous mixture where the solute is dissolved completely in the solvent, making it uniform at the molecular or ionic level. This means that in a solution, the components are so thoroughly mixed that they cannot be seen individually.

For brass, the main components, copper and zinc, are mixed at a molecular level, making brass an excellent example of a solid solution. Even though we often associate solutions with liquids, they can exist in all states of matter.
  • Solutes are uniformly distributed in the solvent
  • Mixtures are uniform at both macro and microscopic scales
  • Brass acts as a solid solution with two metals mingled at the atomic level
Understanding that solutions can be solids too helps in recognizing that mixtures like brass fit comfortably in this category.
Element vs Compound vs Mixture
Elements, compounds, and mixtures are fundamental terms in chemistry that describe pure substances and combinations.

  • Element: A pure substance consisting of only one type of atom, like oxygen or copper. They cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
  • Compound: Made up of two or more elements chemically bonded together in a definite ratio, like water ( H_2O ), and have different properties from their constituent elements.
  • Mixture: Consists of two or more substances that are mixed but not chemically bonded. Mixtures can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Brass is a homogeneous mixture of copper and zinc, varying in proportions.
Brass, being a mixture, varies in its exact composition, unlike a compound which has a fixed ratio of elements. Understanding the differences between these allows us to classify materials correctly.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

For each of the following processes, does the potential energy of the object(s) increase or decrease? (a) The distance between two oppositely charged particles is increased. (b) Water is pumped from ground level to the reservoir of a water tower 30 \(\mathrm{m}\) above the ground. (c) The bond in a chlorine molecule, \(\mathrm{Cl}_{2},\) is broken to form two chlorine atoms.

Suppose you decide to define your own temperature scale with units of \(\mathrm{O},\) using the freezing point \(\left(13^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)\) and boiling point \(\left(360^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)\) of oleic acid, the main component of olive oil. If you set the freezing point of oleic acid as \(0^{\circ} \mathrm{O}\) and the boiling point as \(100^{\circ} \mathrm{O},\) what is the freezing point of water on this new scale?

Automobile batteries contain sulfuric acid, which is commonly referred to as "battery acid." Calculate the number of grams of sulfuric acid in 1.00 gal of battery acid if the solution has a density of 1.28 \(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mL}\) and is 38.1\(\%\) sulfuric acid by mass.

(a) A sample of tetrachloroethylene, a liquid used in dry cleaning that is being phased out because of its potential to cause cancer, has a mass of 40.55 \(\mathrm{g}\) and a volume of 25.0 \(\mathrm{mL}\) at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) . What is its density at this temperature? Will tetrachloroethylene float on water? (Materials that are less dense than water will float.) (b) Carbon dioxide \(\left(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\right)\) is a gas at room temperature and pressure. However, carbon dioxide can be put under pressure to become a usupercritical fluid" that is a much safer dry-cleaning agent than tetrachlorosthvlene, At a certain pressure, the density of super critical \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) is 0.469 \(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .\) What is the mass of a 25.0 \(\mathrm{-mL}\) sample of supercritical \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) at this pressure?

In the United States, water used for irrigation is measured in acre-feet. An acre-foot of water covers an acre to a depth of exactly 1 ft. An acre is 4840 yd. An acre-foot is enough water to supply two typical households for 1.00 yr. (a) If desalinated water costs \(\$ 1950\) per acre-foot, how much does desalinated water cost per liter? (b) How much would it cost one household per day if it were the only source of water?
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