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Chapter 9: Problem 53

Shown here are three pairs of hybrid orbitals, with each set at a characteristic angle. For each pair, determine the type of hybridization, if any, that could lead to hybrid orbitals at the specified angle.

Short Answer

Expert verified
To determine the type of hybridization for each given pair of hybrid orbitals, compare their characteristic angles with the known bond angles for various hybridization types: 180掳 for sp, 120掳 for sp2, and 109.5掳 for sp3. For each pair, select the hybridization type whose bond angle matches closely to the given angle.

Step by step solution

01

Identifying Hybridization Types using Bond Angles

Recall that the bond angles for various types of hybridization are as follows: - For sp hybridization, the bond angle is 180掳. - For sp2 hybridization, the bond angle is 120掳. - For sp3 hybridization, the bond angle is 109.5掳. Now, we can proceed to analyze each given pair of hybrid orbitals, and identify the hybridization type based on their characteristic angle.
02

Pair 1

Determine the type of hybridization for the given pair of hybrid orbitals with their characteristic angle. Compare the angle with the known bond angles for various hybridization types and select the one that matches closely.
03

Pair 2

Determine the type of hybridization for the given pair of hybrid orbitals with their characteristic angle. Compare the angle with the known bond angles for various hybridization types and select the one that matches closely.
04

Pair 3

Determine the type of hybridization for the given pair of hybrid orbitals with their characteristic angle. Compare the angle with the known bond angles for various hybridization types and select the one that matches closely. Remember to consult the known bond angles for sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridization (180掳, 120掳, and 109.5掳 respectively) while comparing and selecting the correct hybridization type for each given pair of hybrid orbitals.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

What hybridization do you expect for the atom indicated in red in each of the following species? (a) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CO}_{2}^{-}\); (b) \(\mathrm{PH}_{4}^{+} ;\)(c) \(\mathrm{AlF}_{3} ;\) (d) d) \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{C}=\mathrm{CH}-\mathrm{CH}_{2}^{+}\)

The orbital diagram that follows presents the final step in the formation of hybrid orbitals by a silicon atom. (a) Which of the following best describes what took place before the step pictured in the diagram: (i) Two 3 p electrons became unpaired, (ii) An electron was promoted from the \(2 p\) orbital to the \(3 s\) orbital, or (iii) An electron was promoted from the \(3 s\) orbital to the \(3 p\) orbital? (b) What type of hybrid orbital is produced in this hybridization? [Section 9.5]

The molecule shown here is difluoromethane \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{~F}_{2}\right)\), which is used as a refrigerant called \(R-32\). (a) Based on the structure, how many electron domains surround the \(\mathrm{C}\) atom in this molecule? (b) Would the molecule have a nonzero dipole moment? (c) If the molecule is polar, which of the following describes the direction of the overall dipole moment vector in the molecule: (i) from the carbon atom toward a fluorine atom, (ii) from the carbon atom to a point midway between the fluorine atoms, (iii) from the carbon atom to a point midway between the hydrogen atoms, or (iv) From the carbon atom toward a hydrogen atom? [Sections \(9.2\) and 9.3]

Predict whether each of the following molecules is polar or nonpolar: (a) \(\mathrm{CCl}_{4}\), (b) \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\), (c) \(\mathrm{SF}_{4}\), (d) \(\mathrm{XeF}_{4}\), (e) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{Br}\), (f) \(\mathrm{GaH}_{3}\).

A compound composed of \(2.1 \% \mathrm{H}, 29.8 \% \mathrm{~N}\), and \(68.1 \% \mathrm{O}\) has a molar mass of approximately \(50 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mol}\). (a) What is the molecular formula of the compound? (b) What is its Lewis structure if \(\mathrm{H}\) is bonded to \(\mathrm{O}\) ? (c) What is the geometry of the molecule? (d) What is the hybridization of the orbitals around the \(\mathrm{N}\) atom? (e) How many \(\sigma\) and how many \(\pi\) bonds are there in the molecule?
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