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Chapter 1: Problem 31

Which of the following processes describe physical changes, and which describe chemical changes? (a) Alcohol burns (b) Sugar crystallizes (c) Gas bubbles rise out of a glass of soda (d) A tomato ripens

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) Chemical, (b) Physical, (c) Physical, (d) Chemical

Step by step solution

01

Identify the Nature of Alcohol Burning

When alcohol burns, it reacts with oxygen in the air to form new products, primarily water and carbon dioxide. This transformation involves breaking chemical bonds and forming new ones, thus constituting a chemical change.
02

Consider the Process of Sugar Crystallization

Sugar crystallizing from a solution involves a physical change where sugar molecules arrange themselves in a solid, ordered structure from a solution. No new chemical substances are formed, so this is a physical change.
03

Examine Gas Bubbles in Soda

Gas bubbles rising out of a soda is due to the release of carbon dioxide that was dissolved in the soda. This release is physical as it involves changing phases from dissolved gas to gaseous state, with no new substances being produced.
04

Analyze the Ripening of a Tomato

A tomato ripening involves chemical changes because it encompasses complex biochemical reactions, leading to changes in color, texture, and flavor, and results in new chemical products.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Understanding Chemical Changes
Chemical changes occur when substances undergo a transformation to form different substances. This process involves the breaking and forming of chemical bonds, resulting in new substances with unique properties.

Key features of chemical changes include:
  • Formation of new substances
  • Changes in energy, which can be either absorbed or released
  • Irreversibility in most cases
For example, when alcohol burns (as noted in step 1 of the solution), it combines with oxygen and transforms into carbon dioxide and water. This change is accompanied by energy release in the form of heat and flame. Hence, burning alcohol signifies a chemical change due to these characteristic transformations.
Recognizing Physical Changes
Physical changes involve alterations in the physical state or appearance of a substance without any change in its chemical composition. These changes are usually reversible.
  • Common examples include changes in state, size, or shape
  • No new substances are formed
  • Often reversible, like melting or freezing
For instance, sugar crystallizing involves sugar molecules forming a solid crystal structure from a liquid solution. This is purely a physical change as the chemical composition of sugar remains the same. Similarly, gas bubbles arising from soda are another physical change, where carbon dioxide simply transitions from being dissolved to a gaseous state without altering its chemical form.
Exploring Reaction Processes
Reaction processes are the pathways that lead to either chemical or physical changes. Understanding these processes helps us determine the nature of the changes occurring.
  • Chemical reactions lead to the formation of new compounds.
  • Physical processes can involve phase changes, like evaporation or crystallization.
  • Biological processes, such as a tomato ripening, involve complex chemical reactions.
When a tomato ripens (as described in step 4), it undergoes numerous chemical reactions, which alter its taste, color, and texture, resulting in new chemical substances. Therefore, analyzing the specific reactions and processes can discern whether a change is chemical or physical.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The following expressions involve multiplication/division and addition/subtraction operations of measured values in the same problem. Evaluate each, and express the answer to the correct number of significant figures. (a) \(\frac{(25.12-1.75) \times 0.01920}{(24.339-23.15)}\) (b) \(\frac{55.4}{(26.3-18.904)}\) (c) \((0.921 \times 27.977)+(0.470 \times 28.976)+\) \((3.09 \times 29.974)\)

An irregularly shaped piece of metal with a mass of \(147.8 \mathrm{~g}\) is placed in a graduated cylinder containing \(30.0 \mathrm{~mL}\) water. The water level rises to \(48.5 \mathrm{~mL}\). What is the density of the metal in \(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} ?\)

Define science in your own words. List three fields that are science and three fields that are not science.

A Consider two liquids: liquid \(A\), with a density of \(0.98 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL}\), and liquid \(\mathrm{B}\), with a density of \(1.03 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL}\). Notice that one density is known to have two significant figures and the other to have three. Calculate the volume of liquid \(A\) in a sample that weighs \(9.9132 \mathrm{~g}\); be sure to express your result to the proper number of significant digits. Calculate the volume of the same mass of liquid \(\mathrm{B}\), again making sure that you have the appropriate number of significant figures. Recording the number of significant figures is only one way to estimate the uncertainty. Repeat the calculations of volume by using the minimum and maximum values of density to calculate maximum and minimum volumes. The range between the two is also a measure of uncertainty. Compare the estimated uncertainties in the two liquids as measured by the two techniques. Do all estimates give the same answer? Should they? Explain any disagreements.

(a) A light-year, the distance light travels in 1 year, is a unit used by astronomers to measure the great distances between stars. Calculate the distance, in miles, represented by 1 light-year. Assume that the length of a year is 365.25 days, and that light travels at a rate of \(3.00 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) (b) The distance to the nearest star (other than the Sun) is 4.36 light-years. How many meters is this? Express the result in scientific notation and with all the zeros.
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