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Chapter 8: Problem 8

Name the different allotropes of sulphur.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: The three common allotropes of sulphur are: 1. Rhombic sulphur (伪-sulphur): The most stable form of sulphur with an orthorhombic crystal structure and yellow color, forming at temperatures below 95.6掳C. 2. Monoclinic sulphur (尾-sulphur): A less stable, needle-like crystal structure that is also yellow, forming at temperatures between 95.6掳C and 114.7掳C, and transforms back into 伪-sulphur below 95.6掳C. 3. Amorphous (plastic) sulphur: A non-crystalline, rubbery-textured form of sulphur produced when molten sulphur is quickly cooled, which slowly reverts to crystalline forms over time.

Step by step solution

01

Identify Allotropes of Sulphur

There are several allotropes of sulphur, but the most common and well-known ones are: rhombic sulphur (伪-sulphur), monoclinic sulphur (尾-sulphur), and amorphous (plastic) sulphur.
02

Briefly Describe Each Allotrope

1. Rhombic sulphur (伪-sulphur): This is the most stable form of sulphur, and it is yellow in color. It has an orthorhombic crystal structure and forms at temperatures below 95.6掳C. 2. Monoclinic sulphur (尾-sulphur): This allotrope of sulphur has a needle-like crystal structure and is also yellow. It is less stable than rhombic sulphur and forms at temperatures between 95.6掳C and 114.7掳C. At temperatures below 95.6掳C, it transforms back into 伪-sulphur. 3. Amorphous (plastic) sulphur: This is a non-crystalline form of sulphur, with a rubbery texture. It is produced when molten sulphur is quickly cooled, and it slowly reverts to crystalline forms over time. To summarize, the different allotropes of sulphur are rhombic sulphur (伪-sulphur), monoclinic sulphur (尾-sulphur), and amorphous (plastic) sulphur.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Rhombic Sulphur
Rhombic sulphur, known as 伪-sulphur, is the most stable and common allotrope of sulphur. It is recognized for its bright yellow color and distinctive orthorhombic crystal structure. This form of sulphur typically exists at temperatures below 95.6掳C.

Rhombic sulphur consists of puckered ring-shaped molecules, each containing eight sulphur atoms. These atoms create an arrangement that resembles a crown when viewed from above.
  • Highly stable and resistant to change under normal conditions
  • Commonly found in nature in volcanic regions
  • Plays a vital role in the allotropy of sulphur because it serves as a reference state for energy comparisons
Despite its stability, when heated to around 95.6掳C, it transforms into monoclinic sulphur, showing the interdependence of sulphur allotropes.
Monoclinic Sulphur
Monoclinic sulphur, also referred to as 尾-sulphur, is another known form of sulphur found at temperatures between 95.6掳C and 114.7掳C. Unlike rhombic sulphur, monoclinic sulphur features needle-like crystals, showcasing a different, though still yellow, crystal structure.

The transformation of rhombic sulphur into monoclinic sulphur occurs when temperatures rise beyond 95.6掳C, underscoring the temperature sensitivity of sulphur allotropes.
  • Forms naturally in environments with fluctuating temperatures, such as in hot springs
  • Less stable as compared to rhombic sulphur
  • Easily transforms back to rhombic sulphur upon cooling below 95.6掳C
This cyclic transformation between sulphur forms highlights the dynamic nature of sulphur allotropes and their dependencies based on environmental conditions.
Amorphous Sulphur
Amorphous sulphur, often called plastic sulphur, differs significantly from the crystalline allotropes. As the name implies, it lacks a defined crystal structure, making it non-crystalline and giving it a rubbery texture. This unique identity emerges when molten sulphur undergoes rapid cooling.

While this allotrope is less stable, it intriguingly reverts to one of the crystalline forms over time, indicating its inherent instability.
  • Formed through rapid cooling of liquid sulphur
  • Initial rubbery and stretchy texture turns brittle over time
  • Illustrates the transformation processes sulphur undergoes under different physical conditions
Amorphous sulphur鈥檚 unique properties make it a vital study subject in understanding the broader behaviors and transformations of sulphur allotropes.

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