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Chapter 6: Problem 67

Write the condensed electron configurations for the following atoms, using the appropriate noble-gas core abbreviations: (a) \(\mathrm{Cs}\), (b) \(\mathrm{Ni}\), (c) Se, (d) Cd, (e) U, (f) \(\mathrm{Pb}\).

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) Cs: \([Xe] 6s^1\) (b) Ni: \([Ar] 4s^2 3d^8\) (c) Se: \([Ar] 4s^2 3d^{10} 4p^4\) (d) Cd: \([Kr] 5s^2 4d^{10} 5p^6 6s^2 4f^{14} 5d^{10}\) (e) U: \([Rn] 7s^2 6d^1 5f^3\) (f) Pb: \([Xe] 6s^2 4f^{14} 5d^{10} 6p^2\)

Step by step solution

01

Find the atomic number of each element.

Look up each element in the periodic table to find the atomic number, which represents the number of electrons in the neutral atom. (a) Cs: atomic number 55 (b) Ni: atomic number 28 (c) Se: atomic number 34 (d) Cd: atomic number 48 (e) U: atomic number 92 (f) Pb: atomic number 82
02

Full electron configurations.

Write the full electron configuration for each element, using their atomic numbers to determine the order in which the orbitals are filled. This order can be found using the rules for electron configurations (Aufbau principle, Hund's rule, and Pauli exclusion principle). (a) \(\mathrm{Cs}\): 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� 3s虏 3p鈦� 4s虏 3d鹿鈦� 4p鈦� 5s虏 4d鹿鈦� 5p鈦� 6s鹿 (b) \(\mathrm{Ni}\): 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� 3s虏 3p鈦� 4s虏 3d鈦� (c) Se: 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� 3s虏 3p鈦� 4s虏 3d鹿鈦� 4p鈦� (d) Cd: 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� 3s虏 3p鈦� 4s虏 3d鹿鈦� 4p鈦� 5s虏 4d鹿鈦� 5p鈦� 6s虏 4f鹿鈦� 5d鹿鈦� (e) U: 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� 3s虏 3p鈦� 4s虏 3d鹿鈦� 4p鈦� 5s虏 4d鹿鈦� 5p鈦� 6s虏 4f鹿鈦� 5d鹿鈦� 6p鈦� 7s虏 5f鲁 6d鹿 (f) Pb: 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� 3s虏 3p鈦� 4s虏 3d鹿鈦� 4p鈦� 5s虏 4d鹿鈦� 5p鈦� 6s虏 4f鹿鈦� 5d鹿鈦� 6p虏
03

Determine the noble gas core.

For each element, find the preceding noble gas in the periodic table so we can use its electron configuration as our starting point. (a) \(\mathrm{Cs}\): Previous noble gas = Xe (54) (b) \(\mathrm{Ni}\): Previous noble gas = Ar (18) (c) Se: Previous noble gas = Ar (18) (d) Cd: Previous noble gas = Kr (36) (e) U: Previous noble gas = Rn (86) (f) Pb: Previous noble gas = Xe (54)
04

Condensed configurations using noble gas core abbreviations.

Use the previous noble gas's electron configuration as a starting point, and add the remaining electron configuration for the given element. (a) \(\mathrm{Cs}\): [Xe] 6s鹿 (b) \(\mathrm{Ni}\): [Ar] 4s虏 3d鈦� (c) Se: [Ar] 4s虏 3d鹿鈦� 4p鈦� (d) Cd: [Kr] 5s虏 4d鹿鈦� 5p鈦� 6s虏 4f鹿鈦� 5d鹿鈦� (e) U: [Rn] 7s虏 6d鹿 5f鲁 (f) Pb: [Xe] 6s虏 4f鹿鈦� 5d鹿鈦� 6p虏

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Using Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, calculate the uncertainty in the position of (a) a 1.50-mg mosquito moving at a speed of \(1.40 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) if the speed is known to within \(\pm 0.01 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s} ;\) (b) a proton moving at a speed of \((5.00 \pm 0.01) \times 10^{4} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). (The mass of a proton is given in the table of fundamental constants in the inside cover of the text.)

Sketch the shape and orientation of the following types of orbitals: (a) \(p_{x}\), (b) \(d_{z^{2}}\),(c) \(d_{x^{2}-y^{2}}\).

Write the condensed electron configurations for the following atoms, and indicate how many unpaired electrons each has: (a) \(\mathrm{Ga},(\mathrm{b}) \mathrm{Ca},(\mathrm{c}) \mathrm{V},(\mathrm{d}) \mathrm{I},(\mathrm{e}) \mathrm{Y}\), (f) \(\mathrm{Pt}\) (g) Lu.

(a) What experimental evidence is there for the electron having a "spin"? (b) Draw an energy-level diagram that shows the relative energetic positions of a \(1 s\) orbital and a 2 s orbital. Put two electrons in the 1 s orbital. (c) Draw an arrow showing the excitation of an electron from the 1s to the 2 s orbital.

(a) What is the frequency of radiation that has a wavelength of \(10 \mu \mathrm{m}\), about the size of a bacterium? (b) What is the wavelength of radiation that has a frequency of \(5.50 \times 10^{14} \mathrm{~s}^{-1} ?\) (c) Would the radiations in part (a) or part (b) be visible to the human eye? (d) What distance does electromagnetic radiation travel in \(50.0 \mu\) s?
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