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Chapter 4: Problem 2

Methanol, \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}\), and hydrogen chloride, \(\mathrm{HCl}\), are both molecular substances, yet an aqueous solution of methanol does not conduct an electrical current, whereas a solution of \(\mathrm{HCl}\) does conduct. Account for this difference. [Section 4.1]

Short Answer

Expert verified
The primary difference between methanol (CH鈧僌H) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) in aqueous solutions is the formation of ions. Methanol dissolves in water as neutral molecules due to hydrogen bonding, while HCl dissociates into hydronium (H鈧僌鈦�) and chloride (Cl鈦�) ions. Since the HCl solution contains mobile ions, it conducts electricity, whereas the methanol solution doesn't contain mobile ions and does not conduct electricity.

Step by step solution

01

Investigate the structures of CH鈧僌H and HCl

Both methanol (CH鈧僌H) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) are molecular compounds. Methanol is an alcohol, which contains an -OH group, while HCl is a diatomic molecule consisting of a hydrogen atom bonded to a chlorine atom.
02

Understand solubility in water

When a substance is added to water, it may dissolve to produce a homogeneous solution due to the interactions between the solute and the solvent (water) molecules. In the case of methanol, it is a polar molecule that can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, thus allowing it to dissolve. However, the solubility of HCl in water is associated with a more extensive ionization process. When HCl gas is dissolved in water, it reacts with the water molecules to form hydronium ions (H鈧僌鈦�) and chloride ions (Cl鈦�): \[HCl(g) + H_2O(l) \rightarrow H_3O^+(aq) + Cl^-(aq)\]
03

Analyze the electrical conductivity of the solutions

A substance conducts electricity when it contains mobile charge carriers, such as ions, that can move freely. In an aqueous solution of methanol, CH鈧僌H remains as a neutral molecule and does not produce any ions, rendering the solution non-conductive. On the other hand, as seen in step 2, HCl dissociates in water to produce hydronium ions (H鈧僌鈦�) and chloride ions (Cl鈦�). These ions can move freely, allowing the solution to conduct an electrical current.
04

Conclusion

The primary difference between methanol (CH鈧僌H) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) in aqueous solutions is the formation of ions. Methanol dissolves in water as neutral molecules due to hydrogen bonding, while HCl dissociates into hydronium (H鈧僌鈦�) and chloride (Cl鈦�) ions. Since the HCl solution contains mobile ions, it conducts electricity, whereas the methanol solution doesn't contain mobile ions and does not conduct electricity.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Which element is oxidized and which is reduced in the following reactions? (a) \(\mathrm{N}_{2}(g)+3 \mathrm{H}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{NH}_{3}(g)\) (b) \(3 \mathrm{Fe}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}(a q)+2 \mathrm{Al}(s) \longrightarrow\) \(3 \mathrm{Fe}(s)+2 \mathrm{Al}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{3}(a q)\) (c) \(\mathrm{Cl}_{2}(a q)+2 \mathrm{NaI}(a q) \longrightarrow \mathrm{I}_{2}(a q)+2 \mathrm{NaCl}(a q)\) (d) \(\mathrm{PbS}(s)+4 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}(a q) \longrightarrow \mathrm{PbSO}_{4}(s)+4 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l)\)

Determine the oxidation number for the indicated element in each of the following substances: (a) \(\mathrm{S}\) in \(\mathrm{SO}_{2}\), (b) \(\mathrm{C}\) in \(\mathrm{COCl}_{2},(\mathrm{c}) \mathrm{Mn}\) in \(\mathrm{MnO}_{4}^{-}\), (d) \(\mathrm{Br}\) in \(\mathrm{HBrO}\), (e) \(\mathrm{As}\) in \(\mathrm{As}_{4}\), (f) \(\mathrm{O}\) in \(\mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}\).

(a) Use the following reactions to prepare an activity series for the halogens: $$ \begin{aligned} \mathrm{Br}_{2}(a q)+2 \mathrm{NaI}(a q) & \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{NaBr}(a q)+\mathrm{I}_{2}(a q) \\ \mathrm{Cl}_{2}(a q)+2 \mathrm{NaBr}(a q) & \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{NaCl}(a q)+\mathrm{Br}_{2}(a q) \end{aligned} $$ (b) Relate the positions of the halogens in the periodic table with their locations in this activity series. (c) Predict whether a reaction occurs when the following reagents are mixed: \(\mathrm{Cl}_{2}(a q)\) and \(\mathrm{KI}(a q) ; \mathrm{Br}_{2}(a q)\) and \(\mathrm{LiCl}(a q)\).

Specify what ions are present upon dissolving each of the following substances in water: (a) \(\mathrm{MgI}_{2}\), (b) \(\mathrm{Al}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{3}\), (c) \(\mathrm{HClO}_{4}\) (d) \(\mathrm{NaCH}_{3} \mathrm{COO}\).

(a) How would you prepare \(175.0 \mathrm{~mL}\) of \(0.150 \mathrm{MAgNO}_{3}\) solution starting with pure solute? (b) An experiment calls for you to use \(100 \mathrm{~mL}\) of \(0.50 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{HNO}_{3}\) solution. All you have available is a bottle of \(3.6 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{HNO}_{3}\). How would you prepare the desired solution?
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