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Chapter 22: Problem 93

Ultrapure germanium, like silicon, is used in semiconductors. Germanium of "ordinary" purity is prepared by the high-temperature reduction of \(\mathrm{GeO}_{2}\) with carbon. The Ge is converted to \(\mathrm{GeCl}_{4}\) by treatment with \(\mathrm{Cl}_{2}\) and then purified by distillation; \(\mathrm{GeCl}_{4}\) is then hydrolyzed in water to \(\mathrm{GeO}_{2}\) and reduced to the elemental form with \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\). The element is then zone refined. Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the chemical transformations in the course of forming ultrapure Ge from \(\mathrm{GeO}_{2}\).

Short Answer

Expert verified
1. GeO鈧� (s) + C (s) -> Ge (s) + CO鈧� (g) 2. Ge (s) + 4Cl鈧� (g) -> GeCl鈧� (g) 3. (No chemical equation for distillation) 4. GeCl鈧� (g) + 2H鈧侽 (l) -> GeO鈧� (s) + 4HCl (aq) 5. GeO鈧� (s) + 2H鈧� (g) -> Ge (s) + 2H鈧侽 (g)

Step by step solution

01

1. Reduction of GeO鈧� with carbon

GeO鈧� (s) + C (s) -> Ge (s) + CO鈧� (g)
02

2. Conversion of Ge to GeCl鈧� by treatment with Cl鈧�

Ge (s) + 4Cl鈧� (g) -> GeCl鈧� (g)
03

3. Purification of GeCl鈧� by distillation

No chemical reaction occurs during distillation. The purpose of this step is to separate GeCl鈧� from any impurities.
04

4. Hydrolysis of GeCl鈧� in water to form GeO鈧�

GeCl鈧� (g) + 2H鈧侽 (l) -> GeO鈧� (s) + 4HCl (aq)
05

5. Reduction of GeO鈧� to elemental Ge with H鈧�

GeO鈧� (s) + 2H鈧� (g) -> Ge (s) + 2H鈧侽 (g) These are the balanced chemical equations for the series of reactions involved in the formation of ultrapure germanium from germanium dioxide.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

(a) Give the names and chemical symbols for the three isotopes of hydrogen. (b) List the isotopes in order of decreasing natural abundance.

Write the Lewis structure for each of the following species, and indicate the structure of each: (a) \(\mathrm{SeO}_{3}{ }^{2-}\); (b) \(\mathrm{S}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{2} ;\) (c) chlorosulfonic acid, \(\mathrm{HSO}_{3} \mathrm{Cl}\) (chlorine is bonded to sulfur).

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