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(a) Many proteins that remain homogeneously distributed in water have molecular masses in the range of 30,000 amu and larger. In what sense is it appropriate to consider such suspensions to be colloids rather than solutions? Explain. (b) What general name is given to a colloidal dispersion of oneliquid in another? What is an emulsifying agent?

Short Answer

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Protein suspensions in water can be considered colloids because these large molecules (about 30,000 amu) do not fully dissolve in water, but remain homogeneously distributed throughout. A colloidal dispersion of one liquid in another is called an emulsion, and an emulsifying agent is a substance that stabilizes an emulsion by forming a protective layer around the dispersed droplets, preventing them from separating. Emulsifying agents typically have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts in their chemical structure, allowing them to interact with both the aqueous and non-aqueous phases. Examples include soap, lecithin, and proteins.

Step by step solution

01

Part (a): Determine if protein suspensions in water can be considered colloids or solutions

To answer this question, let's first recall the definitions of colloids and solutions. A solution is a homogeneous mixture in which one substance (the solute) is uniformly distributed in another substance (the solvent). A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture in which the particles of one substance are dispersed in another substance, but not dissolved. In the case of protein suspensions in water, proteins have large molecular masses, typically around 30,000 amu or more. These large molecules do not dissolve completely in water, but rather remain suspended and distributed homogeneously throughout the water. This behavior is similar to that of colloidal particles, which are larger than individual molecules but smaller than particles that precipitate. Thus, it is appropriate to consider protein suspensions in water as colloids.
02

Part (b): Colloidal dispersion of one liquid in another and emulsifying agents

A colloidal dispersion of one liquid in another is generally called an emulsion. Emulsions are formed when two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water, are mixed together in the presence of an emulsifying agent. An emulsifying agent is a substance that stabilizes an emulsion, typically by forming a protective layer around the dispersed droplets of one liquid, preventing them from coalescing and separating from the other liquid. Emulsifying agents usually have both hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-fearing) parts in their chemical structure, which allows them to interact with both the aqueous and non-aqueous phases of the emulsion. Some common examples of emulsifying agents include soap, lecithin, and proteins.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

A saturated solution of sucrose \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{12} \mathrm{H}_{22} \mathrm{O}_{11}\right)\) is made by dissolving excess table sugar in a flask of water. There are \(50 \mathrm{~g}\) of undissolved sucrose crystals at the bottom of the flask in contact with the saturated solution. The flask is stoppered and set aside. A year later a single large crystal of mass \(50 \mathrm{~g}\) is at the bottom of the flask. Explain how this experiment provides evidence for a dynamic equilibrium between the saturated solution and the undissolved solute.

List four properties of a solution that depend on the total concentration but not the type of particle or particles present as solute. Write the mathematical expression that describes how each of these properties depends on concentration.

(a) What is the molality of a solution formed by dissolving \(1.25\) mol of \(\mathrm{KCl}\) in \(16.0 \mathrm{~mol}\) of water? (b) How many grams of sulfur \(\left(\mathrm{S}_{8}\right)\) must be dissolved in \(100.0 \mathrm{~g}\) naphthalene \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{10} \mathrm{H}_{8}\right)\) to make a \(0.12 \mathrm{~m}\) solution?

(a) Considering the energetics of solute-solute, solventsolvent, and solute- solvent interactions, explain why \(\mathrm{NaCl}\) dissolves in water but not in benzene \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{6}\right)\). (b) What factors cause a cation to be strongly hydrated?

(a) Calculate the mass percentage of \(\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\) in a solution containing \(10.6 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\) in \(483 \mathrm{~g}\) water. (b) An ore contains \(2.86 \mathrm{~g}\) of silver per ton of ore. What is the concentration of silver in ppm?

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