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Chapter 2: Problem 37

Give the symbol, including the correct charge, for each of the following ions: (a) barium ion (b) titanium(IV) ion (c) phosphate ion (d) hydrogen carbonate ion (e) sulfide ion (f) perchlorate ion (g) cobalt(II) ion (h) sulfate ion

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) Ba虏鈦�, (b) Ti鈦粹伜, (c) PO鈧劼斥伝, (d) HCO鈧冣伝, (e) S虏鈦�, (f) ClO鈧勨伝, (g) Co虏鈦�, (h) SO鈧劼测伝.

Step by step solution

01

Identify the Element Symbols

First, recognize the symbols for each of the given elements or radicals. For example, barium has the symbol Ba, titanium has Ti, phosphate is a polyatomic ion with PO鈧�, hydrogen carbonate is HCO鈧�, sulfur for sulfide is S, perchlorate is ClO鈧�, cobalt is Co, and sulfate is another polyatomic ion SO鈧�.
02

Determine the Charge of Each Ion

Next, identify the charge associated with each ion: (a) The barium ion (Ba) has a charge of +2. (b) Titanium(IV) indicates titanium ion with a +4 charge (Ti鈦粹伜). (c) Phosphate ion (PO鈧�) typically has a -3 charge. (d) Hydrogen carbonate ion (HCO鈧�) has a -1 charge. (e) Sulfide ion (S) is commonly found to have a -2 charge. (f) Perchlorate ion (ClO鈧�) has a -1 charge. (g) Cobalt(II) ion implies a +2 charge (Co虏鈦�). (h) Sulfate ion (SO鈧�) generally has a -2 charge.
03

Combine Symbols with Charges

For each ion, combine the element or polyatomic ion symbol with its respective charge denoted as a superscript: (a) Ba虏鈦�, (b) Ti鈦粹伜, (c) PO鈧劼斥伝, (d) HCO鈧冣伝, (e) S虏鈦�, (f) ClO鈧勨伝, (g) Co虏鈦�, (h) SO鈧劼测伝.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Element Symbols
Chemical elements are the basic building blocks of matter and each element is represented by a unique symbol. These symbols are usually one or two letters, with the first letter capitalized:
  • Barium is represented by Ba
  • Titanium is represented by Ti
  • Cobalt is represented by Co
For polyatomic ions, which are clusters of atoms that carry a charge, we use the formula representing the specific group of elements bonded together:
  • Phosphate is written as PO鈧�
  • Hydrogen carbonate as HCO鈧�
  • Sulfate as SO鈧�
These symbols allow chemists to precisely identify and distinguish between different elements and compounds.
Ion Charges
Ions are atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons, giving them a charge. You can identify ion charges by knowing the valence electrons shared or lost:
  • Barium (Ba虏鈦�) loses two electrons resulting in a +2 charge.
  • Titanium(IV) (Ti鈦粹伜) suggests it loses four electrons resulting in a +4 charge.
  • Phosphate (PO鈧劼斥伝) typically gains three electrons, giving it a -3 charge.
  • Hydrogen carbonate (HCO鈧冣伝) gains one electron with a -1 charge.
  • Sulfide (S虏鈦�) gains two electrons resulting in a -2 charge.
  • Perchlorate (ClO鈧勨伝) and sulfate (SO鈧劼测伝) also have negative charges by gaining electrons.
  • Cobalt(II) (Co虏鈦�) loses two electrons resulting in a +2 charge.
Prescribing positive or negative signs to ions is crucial for understanding chemical reactions and bonding behavior.
Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic ions are ions composed of two or more atoms bonded together, acting as a single charged entity. These entities often involve complex bonding and sharing of electrons:
  • Phosphate (PO鈧劼斥伝) consists of phosphorous and four oxygen atoms collectively carrying a -3 charge.
  • Hydrogen carbonate (HCO鈧冣伝) comprises hydrogen, carbon, and three oxygen atoms with a -1 charge.
  • Sulfate (SO鈧劼测伝) includes sulfur and four oxygen atoms resulting in a -2 charge.
  • Perchlorate (ClO鈧勨伝) has one chlorine atom bonded to four oxygen atoms with a -1 charge.
These ions are essential to numerous chemical processes and reactions, making understanding them integral to chemistry.
Chemical Notation
Chemical notation is a shorthand method chemists use to convey detailed information about chemical compounds with symbols and numerals. The notations include:
  • Element symbols (like Ba for Barium or Ti for Titanium) associated with specific elements.
  • Superscripts indicate the charge of ions, such as Ba虏鈦� or PO鈧劼斥伝.
  • Subscripts in chemical formulas show the number of each type of atom in a compound, such as the 4 in ClO鈧勨伝.
Chemical notations provide all necessary data for understanding the makeup and charge of molecules, ensuring that students comprehend complex concepts quickly and accurately.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Name each of the following compounds and indicate which ones are best described as ionic: (a) \(\mathrm{ClF}_{3}\) (b) \(\mathrm{NCl}_{3}\) (c) \(\mathrm{SrSO}_{4}\) (d) \(\mathrm{Ca}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}\) (e) \(\mathrm{XeF}_{4}\) (f) \(\mathrm{OF}_{2}\) \((\mathrm{g}) \mathrm{KI}\) (h) \(\mathrm{Al}_{2} \mathrm{S}_{3}\) (i) \(\mathrm{PCl}_{3}\) (j) \(\mathrm{K}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4}\)

Empirical and molecular formulas. (a) Fluorocarbonyl hypofluorite is composed of \(14.6 \% \mathrm{C}, 39.0 \%\) O, and \(46.3 \%\) F. The molar mass of the compound is \(82 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mol}\). Determine the empirical and molecular formulas of the compound. (b) Azulene, a beautiful blue hydrocarbon, is \(93.71 \%\) C and has a molar mass of \(128.16 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mol} .\) What are the empirical and molecular formulas of azulene?

Which of the following compounds has the highest mass percent of chlorine? (a) \(\mathrm{BCl}_{3}\) (b) \(\mathrm{AsCl}_{3}\) (c) \(\mathrm{GaCl}_{3}\) (d) \(\mathrm{AlCl}_{3}\) (e) \(\mathrm{PCl}_{3}\)

In \(2006,\) a Russian team discovered an interesting molecule they called "sulflower" because of its shape and because it was based on sulfur. It is composed of \(57.17 \%\) S and \(42.83 \%\) C and has a molar mass of \(448.70 \mathrm{g} / \mathrm{mol} .\) Determine the empirical and molecular formulas of "sulflower."

Give the formula and the number of each ion that makes up each of the following compounds: (a) \(\mathrm{Mg}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CO}_{2}\right)_{2}\) (b) \(\mathrm{Al}(\mathrm{OH})_{3}\) (c) \(\mathrm{CuCO}_{3}\) (d) \(\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4}\right)_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4}\) (e) \(\mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{ClO})_{2}\) (f) \(\mathrm{NaCH}_{3} \mathrm{CO}_{2}\)
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