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Magazine Chapter 17: Problem 91
Identify each of the following bases as a nucleoside or nucleotide: (21.1) a. cytidine b. deoxyguanosine c. adenosine d. deoxythymidine- \(5^{\prime}\) - monophosphate
Short Answer
Expert verified
Cytidine, deoxyguanosine, and adenosine are nucleosides. Deoxythymidine-5'-monophosphate is a nucleotide.
Step by step solution
01
- Identify Cytidine
Cytidine is composed of the base cytosine linked to a ribose sugar. It does not contain any phosphate groups. Therefore, cytidine is classified as a nucleoside.
02
- Identify Deoxyguanosine
Deoxyguanosine consists of the base guanine attached to a deoxyribose sugar and lacks any phosphate groups. Hence, deoxyguanosine is a nucleoside.
03
- Identify Adenosine
Adenosine is the base adenine linked to a ribose sugar, without any accompanying phosphate groups. Therefore, adenosine is classified as a nucleoside.
04
- Identify Deoxythymidine-5'-monophosphate
Deoxythymidine-5'-monophosphate consists of the base thymine attached to a deoxyribose sugar and a single phosphate group at the 5' position. Given the presence of the phosphate group, this compound is a nucleotide.
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Key Concepts
These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.
nucleoside
A nucleoside is made up of a nitrogenous base linked to either a ribose sugar or a deoxyribose sugar. The absence of the phosphate group is what differentiates a nucleoside from a nucleotide. Common examples include cytidine, deoxyguanosine, and adenosine. These components form the structural foundation for nucleotides, which are key building blocks of DNA and RNA.
nucleotide
A nucleotide is a larger, more complex molecule composed of three key components: a nitrogenous base, a sugar molecule (either ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group. The presence of a phosphate group is the hallmark of a nucleotide, distinguishing it from a nucleoside. Nucleotides play crucial roles in cellular processes such as energy transfer (e.g., ATP) and as the building blocks of nucleic acids.
ribose sugar
Ribose sugar is a five-carbon sugar that forms the backbone of RNA molecules. It is characterized by the presence of hydroxyl (鈥揙H) groups at both the 2' and 3' positions. This makes ribose more reactive and less stable than deoxyribose sugar. Ribose is integral in forming nucleosides like cytidine and adenosine.
deoxyribose sugar
Deoxyribose sugar is a five-carbon sugar that forms the backbone of DNA. Unlike ribose, it lacks an oxygen atom at the 2' position, which contributes to the stability of DNA. Deoxyribose features prominently in nucleosides such as deoxyguanosine and nucleotides like deoxythymidine monophosphate.
phosphate group
The phosphate group is a critical component of nucleotides. It consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. These groups can be present as monophosphate, diphosphate, or triphosphate (e.g., ATP). The attachment of the phosphate group to a nucleoside converts it into a nucleotide, essential for forming the backbone of DNA and RNA and facilitating energy transfer within cells.
cytidine
Cytidine is a nucleoside composed of the nitrogenous base cytosine linked to a ribose sugar. It does not contain any phosphate groups. Cytidine is a key building block of RNA and plays important roles in cellular metabolism and protein synthesis. Cytidine's role in cellular activities makes it fundamental for various biological processes.
deoxyguanosine
Deoxyguanosine is a nucleoside consisting of the base guanine attached to a deoxyribose sugar. This nucleoside lacks a phosphate group, distinguishing it from a nucleotide. Deoxyguanosine is a vital component of DNA, contributing to the storage and transmission of genetic information. Its structure enhances the stability and integrity of DNA molecules.
adenosine
Adenosine is a nucleoside formed by linking the base adenine to a ribose sugar. Notably, it lacks any phosphate groups, maintaining its classification as a nucleoside. Adenosine plays various roles in cellular functions, including acting as a building block of RNA and participating in energy transfer processes such as ATP (adenosine triphosphate) formation.
deoxythymidine monophosphate
Deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) is a nucleotide composed of the base thymine attached to a deoxyribose sugar and a single phosphate group at the 5' position. The presence of the phosphate group classifies it as a nucleotide, playing a crucial role in DNA synthesis and repair. dTMP is essential for maintaining the integrity and proper functioning of DNA in all living organisms.
