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Chapter 16: Problem 30

Name the substrate for each of the following enzymes: a. peptidase b. cellulase c. lactase

Short Answer

Expert verified
The substrates for the enzymes are: peptidase - peptides, cellulase - cellulose, and lactase - lactose.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Enzymes

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body. Each enzyme acts on a specific substrate.
02

Peptidase Substrate

Peptidase is an enzyme that breaks down peptides into amino acids. Therefore, the substrate for peptidase is peptides.
03

Cellulase Substrate

Cellulase is an enzyme that breaks down cellulose, a polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants. Therefore, the substrate for cellulase is cellulose.
04

Lactase Substrate

Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down lactose, a disaccharide found in milk. Therefore, the substrate for lactase is lactose.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

peptidase
Peptidase is a type of enzyme that plays a crucial role in the digestion of proteins. The primary function of peptidase is to break down peptides into smaller components, such as amino acids.
Peptides are short chains of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.

Understanding the substrate for peptidase is key to grasping how this enzyme functions:
  • Substrate: Peptides
The enzyme peptidase binds to the peptide chain and breaks down the bonds between the amino acids.
This process is essential for many physiological functions, such as nutrient absorption and cellular repair.

Without peptidase, our bodies would not be able to efficiently break down and utilize proteins from our diet.
cellulase
Cellulase is an enzyme that targets cellulose, which is a complex carbohydrate or polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants.
Cellulose is a tough, fibrous molecule that gives plants their structural strength.

Here is what you need to know about the substrate for cellulase:
  • Substrate: Cellulose
The enzyme cellulase binds to cellulose and catalyzes its breakdown into simpler sugars, such as glucose. This is how the process works:
  • First, cellulase attaches to the cellulose molecule.
  • Then, it breaks the bonds between the glucose units in the cellulose chain.
  • Finally, the cellulose is decomposed into glucose molecules, which can be absorbed and utilized by the organism.
Cellulase is commonly found in fungi, bacteria, and protozoans, where it helps decompose plant material into simpler substances that can be used for energy.
It's also used industrially in processes like biofuel production and the textile industry.
lactase
Lactase is an enzyme that plays a significant role in the digestion of dairy products.
It specifically breaks down lactose, which is a sugar found in milk and other dairy products.

Here鈥檚 a summary of the substrate for lactase:
  • Substrate: Lactose
Lactose is a disaccharide, meaning it consists of two simpler sugars, glucose and galactose.
When lactase acts on lactose, it splits this bond, resulting in the following:
  • Lactase binds to the lactose molecule.
  • It catalyzes the separation of lactose into glucose and galactose.
  • These simpler sugars can then be absorbed into the bloodstream and used for energy.
Insufficient levels of lactase in the body can lead to lactose intolerance.
People with this condition may experience digestive issues when consuming dairy products.
This is because their bodies cannot efficiently break down lactose without enough lactase enzyme.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Classify the following amino acids as polar, nonpolar, hydrophobic or hydrophilic. If polar, indicate if the \(\mathrm{R}\) group is neutral, acidic, or basic at physiological pH: a. alanine b. phenylalanine c. cysteine

What is the name of the class of enzymes that would catalyze each of the following reactions? a. hydrolysis of sucrose b. addition of oxygen c. converting glucose \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{6}\right)\) to fructose \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{6}\right)\) d. moving an amino group from one molecule to another

Draw the condensed structural formula for each of the following peptides, and give their three-letter and one-letter abbreviations: a. alanyltryptophan b. glycylthreonine c. serylphenylalanine d. glycylvalylmethionine

Indicate whether each of the following describes a competitive or a noncompetitive enzyme inhibitor: a. The inhibitor has a structure similar to the substrate. b. The effect of the inhibitor cannot be reversed by adding more substrate. c. The inhibitor competes with the substrate for the active site. d. The structure of the inhibitor is not similar to the substrate. e. The addition of more substrate reverses the inhibition.

Pepsin, a peptidase that hydrolyzes proteins, functions in the stomach at an optimum \(\mathrm{pH}\) of 1.5 to \(2.0 .\) How is the rate of a pepsin-catalyzed reaction affected by each of the following conditions? a. changing the \(\mathrm{pH}\) to 5.0 b. running the reaction at \(0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\)
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