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Chapter 4: Problem 87

Write the electron arrangement of the following: a. \(\mathrm{N}^{3-}\) b. \(\mathrm{Mg}^{2+}\) c. \(\mathrm{P}^{3-}\) d. \(\mathrm{Al}^{3+}\) e. \(\mathrm{Li}^{+}\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
a. 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� b. 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� c. 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� 3s虏 3p鈦� d. 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� e. 1s虏

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Electron Configuration

To find the electron configuration of an ion, start with the electron configuration of the neutral atom and then add or remove the appropriate number of electrons.
02

Electron Configuration of Neutral Atoms

Find the electron configuration of the corresponding neutral atoms: - Nitrogen (N): 1s虏 2s虏 2p鲁 - Magnesium (Mg): 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� 3s虏 - Phosphorus (P): 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� 3s虏 3p鲁 - Aluminium (Al): 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� 3s虏 3p鹿 - Lithium (Li): 1s虏 2s鹿
03

Adding or Removing Electrons for Each Ion

Adjust for the charge of each ion: a. atresym{N^{3-}}: Add 3 electrons to Nitrogen - Configuration: 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� b. ormmg^{2+}}: Reorder electrons and remove 2 electrons from Magnesium - Configuration: 1s虏 2s虏 2p^6'a'>csorP^3 libraryphodite)}: Add 3 electrons to Phosphorus - Configuration: 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� 3s虏 3p鈦� d. atresym{Al^{3+}}: Remove 3 electrons from Aluminium - Configuration: 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� e. atresym{Li^{12}}: Remove 1 electron from Lithium - Configuration: 1s虏
04

Writing the Final Electron Configurations

Consolidate the final configurations: a. atresym{N^{3-}}: 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� b. orm{g^{2+}}: atresym{1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� c. atresym{N^{resent}}) .p diP^{3-}}um: 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� 6 d. atresym{Al^{3+}}: 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� e. atresym{Li^{+}}: 1itect虏

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

ions
Ions are atoms or molecules that have gained or lost one or more of their electrons, thus acquiring a net charge.
The gain of electrons results in a negative charge (anion), while the loss of electrons results in a positive charge (cation).
In the context of electron configuration, ions differ from their neutral states only by the number of electrons relative to protons.
electron arrangement
Electron arrangement, also known as electron configuration, describes how electrons are distributed in the atomic orbitals of an atom or ion.
Each electron occupies the lowest available energy level. Starting from Hydrogen (1s鹿), electrons fill up in a designated order, following the Pauli exclusion principle and Hund's rule.
For example, the neutral nitrogen atom has the configuration 1s虏 2s虏 2p鲁. To configure ions, we either add or remove electrons based on their charge.
chemical elements
Chemical elements are pure substances consisting of only one type of atom. They are defined by the number of protons in their nuclei.
Elements are listed in the periodic table, and their properties can be deduced based on their position in it.
For instance, the electron configurations of elements such as Nitrogen (N), Magnesium (Mg), Phosphorus (P), Aluminium (Al), and Lithium (Li), help us understand their tendencies to form specific ions.
neutral atoms
Neutral atoms have the same number of electrons and protons, resulting in no overall charge.
Their electron configurations are foundational for determining ion configurations.
For example, the neutral atom of Magnesium (Mg) is written as 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� 3s虏, but when it forms an ion (Mg虏鈦�), two electrons from the outermost shell are removed.
charge adjustment
Charge adjustment refers to the process of adding or removing electrons from a neutral atom to form an ion.
This process is crucial for ions as they achieve a more stable or energetically favorable electron configuration.
For instance, Phosphorus (P) in a neutral state is 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� 3s虏 3p鲁. When it forms a P鲁鈦� ion, three more electrons are added, resulting in a stable configuration: 1s虏 2s虏 2p鈦� 3s虏 3p鈦�.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

One of the ions of tin is tin(IV). a. What is the symbol for this ion? b. How many protons and electrons are in the ion? c. What is the formula of tin(IV) oxide? d. What is the formula of tin(IV) phosphate?

Identify the strongest attractive force between particles of each of the following: a. \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) b. Ar c. HBr d. \(\mathrm{NF}_{3}\) e. \(\mathrm{CO}\)

a. How does the octet rule explain the formation of a sodium ion? b. What noble gas has the same electron arrangement as the sodium ion? c. Why are Group \(1 \mathrm{~A}\) (1) and Group \(2 \mathrm{~A}\) (2) elements found in many compounds, but not Group \(8 \mathrm{~A}(18)\) elements?

Complete the following table with the formula of the compound that forms between each pair of ions: $$ \begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|} \hline & \mathrm{NO}_{2}^{-} & \mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-} & \mathrm{HSO}_{4}^{-} & \mathrm{PO}_{4}^{3-} \\ \hline \mathrm{Li}^{+} & & & & \\ \hline \mathrm{Cu}^{2+} & & & & \\ \hline \mathrm{Ba}^{2+} & & & & \\ \hline \end{array} $$

Predict the shape and polarity of each of the following molecules: a. A central atom with four identical bonded atoms and no lone pairs. b. A central atom with four bonded atoms that are not identical and no lone pairs.
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