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Chapter 5: Problem 104

Glass is a mixture of several compounds, but a major constituent of most glass is calcium silicate, \(\mathrm{CaSiO}_{3}\). Glass can be etched by treatment with hydrofluoric acid; HF attacks the calcium silicate of the glass, producing gaseous and water-soluble products (which can be removed by washing the glass). For example, the volumetric glassware in chemistry laboratories is often graduated by using this process. Balance the following equation for the reaction of hydrofluoric acid with calcium silicate. $$\mathrm{CaSiO}_{3}(s)+\mathrm{HF}(a q) \longrightarrow \mathrm{CaF}_{2}(a q)+\mathrm{SiF}_{4}(g)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l)$$

Short Answer

Expert verified
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction of hydrofluoric acid with calcium silicate is: $$\mathrm{CaSiO}_{3}(s)+6\mathrm{HF}(aq) \rightarrow \mathrm{CaF}_{2}(aq)+\mathrm{SiF}_{4}(g)+3\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l)$$

Step by step solution

01

Identify the elements in the reaction and count their atoms initially

First, let's identify the elements involved in the reaction. We have Calcium (Ca), Silicon (Si), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), and Fluorine (F). Now, count the number of atoms for each element on both sides of the equation: Reactants: - Ca: 1 - Si: 1 - O: 3 - H: 1 - F: 1 Products: - Ca: 1 - Si: 1 - O: 1 - H: 2 - F: 6
02

Balance the equation one element at a time

To balance the equation, we will start adjusting the coefficients for the compounds containing the least common elements and work our way through to the most common elements (usually H and O). 1. Balance F: Since there are 6 F atoms in the products and only 1 F atom in the reactants, add a coefficient of 6 to the HF reactant: $$\mathrm{CaSiO}_{3}(s)+6\mathrm{HF}(a q) \longrightarrow \mathrm{CaF}_{2}(a q)+\mathrm{SiF}_{4}(g)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l)$$ Now there are 6 H atoms and 6 F atoms in the reactants. 2. Balance O: There are 3 O atoms in the reactants and only 1 O atom in the products. Add a coefficient of 3 to the H2O product to balance the O atoms: $$\mathrm{CaSiO}_{3}(s)+6\mathrm{HF}(a q) \longrightarrow \mathrm{CaF}_{2}(a q)+\mathrm{SiF}_{4}(g)+3\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l)$$ Now there are 6 H atoms and 3 O atoms in both the reactants and products. 3. Check the balance for Ca and Si: There is no need to adjust the coefficients for Ca and Si, as there is already 1 Ca and 1 Si atom on both sides of the equation. At this point, the equation is balanced. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction of hydrofluoric acid with calcium silicate is: $$\mathrm{CaSiO}_{3}(s)+6\mathrm{HF}(aq) \rightarrow \mathrm{CaF}_{2}(aq)+\mathrm{SiF}_{4}(g)+3\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l)$$

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Glass Etching
Glass etching is a fascinating process that allows for intricate designs to be created on glass surfaces. This technique is primarily used for artistic purposes and in industrial applications, such as marking and measuring glassware in laboratories. The etching process involves the controlled removal of the surface layer of the glass, creating a frosted or patterned appearance.
When hydrofluoric acid (HF) is applied to glass, it reacts with the compounds within, specifically the calcium silicate (\( \text{CaSiO}_3 \)) that is a primary component in many types of glass.
  • HF is a highly reactive and hazardous substance, making it ideal for etching by transforming compounds into gaseous or soluble products that are easily washed away.
  • The result is a glass that has been "etched" with the desired design or measurement.
  • As seen in laboratory settings, this allows precise measurement markers to be etched onto glassware.
Understanding the chemical reactions involved in glass etching, like the balance of chemical equations, helps ensure safety and precision in these processes.
Calcium Silicate
Calcium silicate, \( \text{CaSiO}_3 \), plays a crucial role in the structure of glass. It serves as one of the primary components responsible for the integrity and durability of the glass material.
  • Glass composition varies, but calcium silicate is commonly found in construction-grade and laboratory-grade glasses.
  • As a compound, calcium silicate combines calcium (Ca), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O), forming a stable and strong crystalline structure.
  • In glass etching, calcium silicate reacts with hydrofluoric acid (HF), which attacks the compound and facilitates etching by breaking down its structure.
Balancing the reaction equation between hydrofluoric acid and calcium silicate is crucial. This equation ensures that the chemical transformation is understood and controlled, which is vital for both practical applications and safety purposes.
Hydrofluoric Acid Reaction
A hydrofluoric acid reaction, especially with glass, is a key process in the etching and modification of glass surfaces. HF is unique because it can dissolve glass, which is typically resistant to most acids. This ability makes it invaluable in both artistic and scientific fields.
Here鈥檚 what you need to know about this reaction:
  • The reaction between HF and calcium silicate yields calcium fluoride (\( \text{CaF}_2 \)), silicon tetrafluoride (\( \text{SiF}_4 \)), and water (\( \text{H}_2 \text{O} \)).
  • Balancing the chemical equation helps to illustrate the conservation of mass and ensure that reactions are performed efficiently.
  • Safety is paramount when handling HF due to its high reactivity and potential health hazards upon contact with skin or inhalation.
Thus, understanding the implications and reactions of hydrofluoric acid, particularly in the context of glass etching, is essential for safe and effective application.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

With the advent of techniques such as scanning tunneling microscopy, it is now possible to "write" with individual atoms by manipulating and arranging atoms on an atomic surface. a. If an image is prepared by manipulating iron atoms and their total mass is \(1.05 \times 10^{-20} \mathrm{g},\) what number of iron atoms were used? b. If the image is prepared on a platinum surface that is exactly 20 platinum atoms high and 14 platinum atoms wide, what is the mass (grams) of the atomic surface? c. If the atomic surface were changed to ruthenium atoms and the same surface mass as determined in part b is used, what number of ruthenium atoms is needed to construct the surface?

Ammonia reacts with \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) to form either \(\mathrm{NO}(g)\) or \(\mathrm{NO}_{2}(g)\) according to these unbalanced equations: $$\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{NH}_{3}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{NO}(g)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g) \\\\\mathrm{NH}_{3}(g)+\mathrm{O}_{2}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{NO}_{2}(g)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g)\end{array}$$ In a certain experiment 2.00 moles of \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}(g)\) and 10.00 moles of \(\mathbf{O}_{2}(g)\) are contained in a closed flask. After the reaction is complete, 6.75 moles of \(\mathbf{O}_{2}(g)\) remains. Calculate the number of moles of \(\mathrm{NO}(g)\) in the product mixture: (Hint: You cannot do this problem by adding the balanced equations because you cannot assume that the two reactions will occur with equal probability.)

The reusable booster rockets of the U.S. space shuttle employ a mixture of aluminum and ammonium perchlorate for fuel. A possible equation for this reaction is $$\begin{aligned}3 \mathrm{Al}(s)+3 \mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{ClO}_{4}(s) & \longrightarrow \\ \mathrm{Al}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}(s)+& \mathrm{AlCl}_{3}(s)+3 \mathrm{NO}(g)+6 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g)\end{aligned}$$ What mass of \(\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{ClO}_{4}\) should be used in the fuel mixture for every kilogram of Al?

Gallium arsenide, GaAs, has gained widespread use in semiconductor devices that convert light and electrical signals in fiber-optic communications systems. Gallium consists of \(60 . \%^{69} \mathrm{Ga}\) and \(40 . \%^{71} \mathrm{Ga}\). Arsenic has only one naturally occurring isotope, \(^{75}\)As. Gallium arsenide is a polymeric material, but its mass spectrum shows fragments with the formulas GaAs and \(\mathrm{Ga}_{2} \mathrm{As}_{2}\). What would the distribution of peaks look like for these two fragments?

Give the balanced equation for each of the following chemical reactions: a. Glucose \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{6}\right)\) reacts with oxygen gas to produce gaseous carbon dioxide and water vapor. b. Solid iron(III) sulfide reacts with gaseous hydrogen chloride to form solid iron(III) chloride and hydrogen sulfide gas. c. Carbon disulfide liquid reacts with ammonia gas to produce hydrogen sulfide gas and solid ammonium thiocyanate \(\left(\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{SCN}\right).\)
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