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Chapter 3: Problem 143

Arrange the atoms and/or ions in the following groups in order of decreasing size. a. \(\mathrm{O}, \mathrm{O}^{-}, \mathrm{O}^{2-}\) b. \(\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}, \mathrm{Ni}^{2+}, \mathrm{Zn}^{2+}\) c. \(\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}, \mathrm{K}^{+}, \mathrm{Cl}^{-}\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
The order of decreasing size for the given atoms and ions is as follows: a. O虏鈦� > O鈦� > O b. Fe虏鈦� > Ni虏鈦� > Zn虏鈦� c. Ca虏鈦� > K鈦� > Cl鈦�

Step by step solution

01

a. Arrange O, O鈦�, O虏鈦� in order of decreasing size

We are given three species: O, O鈦�, and O虏鈦�. To arrange them by size, we can compare the number of protons and electrons in each species: 1. O has 8 protons and 8 electrons. 2. O鈦� has 8 protons and 9 electrons, due to the addition of an extra electron. 3. O虏鈦� has 8 protons and 10 electrons, due to the addition of two extra electrons. Since electrons are repelled by each other, the more electrons a species has, the larger its size will be. Therefore, the order of decreasing size is: O虏鈦� > O鈦� > O.
02

b. Arrange Fe虏鈦�, Ni虏鈦�, Zn虏鈦� in order of decreasing size

We are given three ions: Fe虏鈦�, Ni虏鈦�, and Zn虏鈦�. To arrange them by size, we can compare the number of protons in each ion, as they all have the same charge (2+): 1. Fe虏鈦� has 26 protons. 2. Ni虏鈦� has 28 protons. 3. Zn虏鈦� has 30 protons. Atomic size decreases as the number of protons increases because the attraction between the electrons and protons increases, resulting in a smaller ion. Therefore, the order of decreasing size is: Fe虏鈦� > Ni虏鈦� > Zn虏鈦�.
03

c. Arrange Ca虏鈦�, K鈦�, Cl鈦� in order of decreasing size

We are given three ions with different charges: Ca虏鈦�, K鈦�, and Cl鈦�. To arrange them by size, we can compare their positions in the periodic table as well as the charge: 1. Ca虏鈦� has 20 protons and 18 electrons. 2. K鈦� has 19 protons and 18 electrons. 3. Cl鈦� has 17 protons and 18 electrons. In the periodic table, Ca and K are in the same group (Group 2), with Ca below K, and Cl is in Group 17 (halogens) in the same period as K and Ca. Hence, Ca虏鈦� will be larger than K鈦� because it is farther down the group. K鈦�, a cation with a single positive charge, will be larger than Cl鈦� because Cl鈦� has more protons and the same number of electrons. Therefore, the order of decreasing size is: Ca虏鈦� > K鈦� > Cl鈦�.

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