/*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} Problem 135 When heat is added to proteins, ... [FREE SOLUTION] | 91影视

91影视

Log out

Learning Materials

Features

Discover

Chapter 21: Problem 135

When heat is added to proteins, the hydrogen bonding in the secondary structure is disrupted. What are the algebraic signs of \(\Delta H\) and \(\Delta S\) for the denaturation process?

Short Answer

Expert verified
For the denaturation process of proteins when heat is added, the algebraic signs of 螖H and 螖S are both positive: \( \Delta H > 0 \) and \( \Delta S > 0 \). This is because energy is absorbed to break hydrogen bonds (leading to a positive 螖H), and the protein's structure becomes more disordered (leading to a positive 螖S).

Step by step solution

01

Understanding the denaturation process

When heat is added to proteins, the hydrogen bonds that stabilize the secondary structure are disrupted. This process is called denaturation. As a result, the protein loses its specific folded structure and becomes a random coil.
02

Analyze the change in enthalpy (螖H) during denaturation

Enthalpy (H) is the measure of the total energy of a system, which includes the internal energy and the energy associated with any external effects (like pressure and volume changes). When denaturation occurs, the hydrogen bonds within the protein are broken, which requires energy to be absorbed by the system. Therefore, the change in enthalpy, 螖H, during the denaturation process will be positive, as heat is added to break the hydrogen bonds.
03

Analyze the change in entropy (螖S) during denaturation

Entropy (S) is a measure of the degree of disorder or randomness of a system. During denaturation, the protein changes from a specific folded structure to a disordered random coil. As a consequence, the degree of disorder increases, leading to an increase in entropy. Thus, the change in entropy, 螖S, during the denaturation process will be positive In conclusion, for the denaturation process when heat is added to proteins, we get:
04

Algebraic signs of 螖H and 螖S

For denaturation of proteins, the algebraic signs of 螖H and 螖S are as follows: 螖H > 0 (positive) 螖S > 0 (positive)

Unlock Step-by-Step Solutions & Ace Your Exams!

  • Full Textbook Solutions

    Get detailed explanations and key concepts

  • Unlimited Al creation

    Al flashcards, explanations, exams and more...

  • Ads-free access

    To over 500 millions flashcards

  • Money-back guarantee

    We refund you if you fail your exam.

Over 30 million students worldwide already upgrade their learning with 91影视!

One App. One Place for Learning.

All the tools & learning materials you need for study success - in one app.

Get started for free

Most popular questions from this chapter

Answer the following questions regarding the formation of polymers. a. What structural features must be present in a monomer in order to form a homopolymer polyester? b. What structural features must be present in the monomers in order to form a copolymer polyamide? (Hint: Nylon is an example of a polyamide. When the monomers link together to form nylon, an amide functional group results from each linkage.) c. What structural features must be present in a monomer that can form both an addition polymer and a condensation polymer?

Draw the structures for two examples of unsaturated hydrocarbons. What structural feature makes a hydrocarbon unsaturated?

Reagents such as HCI, HBr, and HOH (H_O) can add across carbon-carbon double and triple bonds, with H forming a bond to one of the carbon atoms in the multiple bond and \(\mathrm{Cl}, \mathrm{Br},\) or OH forming a bond to the other carbon atom in the multiple bond. In some cases, two products are possible. For the major organic product, the addition occurs so that the hydrogen atom in the reagent attaches to the carbon atom in the multiple bond that already has the greater number of hydrogen atoms bonded to it. With this rule in mind, draw the structure of the major product in each of the following reactions. a. \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}_{2}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \stackrel{\mathrm{H}^{2}}{\longrightarrow}\) b. \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}_{2}+\mathrm{HBr} \longrightarrow\) c. \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{C} \equiv \mathrm{CH}+2 \mathrm{HBr} \longrightarrow\)

In the presence of light, chlorine can substitute for one (or more) of the hydrogens in an alkane. For the following reactions, draw the possible monochlorination products. a. 2,2 -dimethylpropane \(+\mathrm{Cl}_{2} \stackrel{\mathrm{hv}}{\longrightarrow}\) b. 1,3 -dimethylcyclobutane \(+\mathrm{Cl}_{2} \stackrel{\mathrm{hv}}{\longrightarrow}\) c. 2,3 -dimethylbutane \(+\mathrm{Cl}_{2} \stackrel{\mathrm{hv}}{\longrightarrow}\)

There is only one compound that is named 1,2 -dichloroethane, but there are two distinct compounds that can be named 1,2-dichloroethene. Why?
See all solutions

Recommended explanations on Chemistry Textbooks

Chemical Analysis

Read Explanation

Chemistry Branches

Read Explanation

The Earths Atmosphere

Read Explanation

Organic Chemistry

Read Explanation

Physical Chemistry

Read Explanation

Making Measurements

Read Explanation
View all explanations

What do you think about this solution?

We value your feedback to improve our textbook solutions.

Study anywhere. Anytime. Across all devices.