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Chapter 21: Problem 129

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is commonly used as a flavoring in foods. Draw the structure of MSG.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The structure of Monosodium glutamate (MSG) can be drawn as follows: 1. Draw a chain of 5 carbons 2. Attach an amino group (-NH2) to the first carbon 3. Attach a sodium ion (Na+) to the carboxyl group on the fifth carbon 4. Connect the side chain containing a carboxylic acid group to the third carbon. The final structure is: \[ \chemfig{H_{2}N-[:30](-[:90]H)-[:330](-[:270]H)-[:30](-[:-30]HOOC)(-[:90]H)-[:330](-[:270]H)-[:30]OO^{-}Na^{+}} \]

Step by step solution

01

Determine the molecular formula of MSG

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a sodium salt of glutamic acid, which is an amino acid. The molecular formula for glutamic acid is C5H9NO4. Since MSG is a sodium salt, we replace one of the hydrogen atoms of the carboxyl group with a sodium ion (Na+), resulting in the molecular formula C5H8NO4Na.
02

Identify functional groups in MSG

Glutamic acid is an amino acid, which means it has an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) in its structure. Additionally, glutamic acid is unique because it has a side chain with a carboxylic acid group. In MSG, the main carboxyl group forms a salt with the sodium ion.
03

Sketch the structure of MSG

Now, we can use the formula derived in Step 1 and the information about functional groups we gathered in Step 2 to draw the structure of MSG. 1. Draw the backbone of 5 carbons in a straight chain. 2. Connect the first carbon to the amine group (-NH2) at one end. 3. Connect the fifth carbon to the main carboxyl group and replace one of the hydrogen atoms with the sodium ion (Na+) 4. Connect the third carbon to the side chain containing the carboxylic acid group Here's the final structure: \[ \chemfig{H_{2}N-[:30](-[:90]H)-[:330](-[:270]H)-[:30](-[:-30]HOOC)(-[:90]H)-[:330](-[:270]H)-[:30]OO^{-}Na^{+}} \]

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Molecular Formula of MSG
Understanding the molecular formula of a substance is like decoding its identity card, providing crucial information about the components that make it up. Monosodium glutamate, better known as MSG, has the molecular formula of C5H8NO4Na. Let's break this down.

MSG is a derivative of the amino acid glutamic acid. Its formula reflects a change from the original glutamic acid molecular structure, C5H9NO4, due to the replacement of a hydrogen atom with a sodium ion (Na+), resulting in C5H8NO4Na.

The sodium ion plays a pivotal role in making MSG a salt. It is this alteration that allows MSG to enhance flavor when added to foods. By understanding its molecular structure, students can better grasp how MSG interacts with other ingredients and why it's such a popular additive in the culinary world.
Amino Acids
Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins, and they play a myriad of roles in biology. Each amino acid consists of an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxylic acid group (-COOH), along with a unique side chain that gives each amino acid its properties.

Glutamic acid, from which MSG is derived, features a side chain with an additional carboxyl group, which sets it apart from other amino acids and affects its functionality in biological processes as well as in cooking. When students comprehend the fundamental role of amino acids, they unlock a deeper understanding of both biochemistry and nutrition.
Functional Groups in Chemistry
In chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. The functional groups in MSG, derived from glutamic acid, include the amino group (-NH2) and two carboxyl groups (-COOH and -COONa).

The presence of these functional groups within the MSG molecule is key to its behavior, particularly its ability to bind with other molecules and its solubility in water, which enhances its utility as a flavor enhancer. Recognizing these groups helps students predict and understand chemical reactions, as well as how and why MSG serves as a beloved ingredient in many dishes worldwide.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The codons (words) in DNA (that specify which amino acid should be at a particular point in a protein) are three bases long. How many such three- letter words can be made from the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine?

For each of the following, fill in the blank with the correct response(s). All of the following pertain to nucleic acids. a. The substance in the nucleus of the cell that stores and transmits genetic information is DNA, which stands for _________ b. The basic repeating monomer units of DNA and RNA are called _______ c. The pentose deoxyribose is found in DNA, whereas ________is found in RNA. d. The basic linkage in DNA or RNA between the sugar molecule and phosphoric acid is a phosphate _______ linkage. e. The bases on opposite strands of DNA are said to be __________ to each other, which means the bases fit together specifically by hydrogen bonding to one another. f. In a strand of normal DNA, the base__________is always always found paired with cytosine. g. A given segment of the DNA molecule, which contains the molecular coding for a specific protein to be synthesized, is referred to as a _______ h. During protein synthesis, ______RNA molecules attach to and transport specific amino acids to the appropriate position on the pattern provided by _______RNA molecules. i. The codes specified by ________are responsible for assembling the correct primary structure of proteins.

A confused student was doing an isomer problem and listed the following six names as different structural isomers of \(\mathbf{C}_{7} \mathbf{H}_{16}.\) a. \(1-\) sec-butylpropane d. 1 -ethyl- 1 -methylbutane b. 4 -methylhexane e. 3 -methylhexane c. 2 -ethylpentane f. 4 -ethylpentane How many different structural isomers are actually present in these six names?

Polyesters containing double bonds are often crosslinked by reacting the polymer with styrene. a. Draw the structure of the copolymer of \(\mathrm{HO}-\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2}-\mathrm{OH} \quad\) and \(\quad \mathrm{HO}_{2} \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}-\mathrm{CO}_{2} \mathrm{H}\) b. Draw the structure of the crosslinked polymer (after the polyester has been reacted with styrene).

Answer the following questions regarding the formation of polymers. a. What structural features must be present in a monomer in order to form a homopolymer polyester? b. What structural features must be present in the monomers in order to form a copolymer polyamide? (Hint: Nylon is an example of a polyamide. When the monomers link together to form nylon, an amide functional group results from each linkage.) c. What structural features must be present in a monomer that can form both an addition polymer and a condensation polymer?
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