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Chapter 19: Problem 65

How does the oxyacid strength of the halogens vary as the number of oxygens in the formula increases?

Short Answer

Expert verified
The strength of oxyacids of halogens generally increases as the number of oxygen atoms in the formula increases. This is due to increased electron delocalization over a larger number of oxygen atoms, which stabilizes the conjugate base formed upon the removal of the acidic hydrogen. For example, in the series of chloric acids, oxyacid strength increases in the order HOCl < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4 with increasing oxygen atoms.

Step by step solution

01

Understand oxyacids of halogens

Oxyacids are acids that contain an acidic hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom. Oxyacids of halogens are a particular class of oxyacids in which the central atom is a halogen. The general form for a halogen oxyacid is HOX(O), where the 'X' represents the halogen element and the '(O)' represents the oxygen atoms surrounding the halogen. Examples of halogen oxyacids include hypochlorous acid (HOCl), chlorous Acid (HClO2), and chloric Acid (HClO3).
02

Observe the effect of the electronegativity of halogens

Electronegativity is a key factor in determining oxyacid strength. In general, as the electronegativity of the central atom (in this case, the halogen) increases, the oxyacid strength also increases. This is because greater electronegativity allows the central atom to draw the bonding electrons closer, facilitating easier removal of a proton (H+) from the O-H bond, thus increasing the acidity.
03

Analyze the impact of the number of oxygen atoms on oxyacid strength

As the number of oxygen atoms surrounding the central halogen atom increases, the oxyacid strength generally increases. This is due to increased electron delocalization over a larger number of oxygen atoms, which stabilizes the conjugate base formed upon the removal of the acidic hydrogen. This effect can be observed in the series of chloric acids: hypochlorous acid (HOCl) < chlorous acid (HClO2) < chloric acid (HClO3) < perchloric acid (HClO4). In this example, we can notice that as the number of oxygen atoms increases, the oxyacid strength also increases.
04

Generalize the trend in oxyacid strength

To generalize this trend, we can conclude that in halogen oxyacids, as the number of oxygen atoms in the formula increases, so does the strength of the oxyacid. This is because the increased electron delocalization resulting from the additional oxygen atoms stabilizes the conjugate base, making the oxyacid compound more acidic.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Captain Kirk has set a trap for the Klingons who are threatening an innocent planet. He has sent small groups of fighter rockets to sites that are invisible to Klingon radar and put a decoy in the open. He calls this the "fishhook" strategy. Mr. Spock has sent a coded message to the chemists on the fighters to tell the ships what to do next. The outline of the message is Fill in the blanks of the message using the following clues. (1) Symbol of the halogen whose hydride has the second highest boiling point in the series of HX compounds that are hydrogen halides. (2) Symbol of the halogen that is the only hydrogen halide, HX, that is a weak acid in aqueous solution. (3) Symbol of the element whose existence on the sun was known before its existence on the earth was discovered. (4) The Group \(5 \mathrm{A}\) ( 15 ) element in Table \(19-13\) that should have the most metallic character. (5) Symbol of the Group \(6 \mathrm{A}(16)\) element that, like selenium, is a semiconductor. (6) Symbol for the element known in rhombic and monoclinic forms. (7) Symbol for the element that exists as diatomic molecules in a yellow-green gas when not combined with another element. (8) Symbol for the most abundant element in and near the earth's crust. (9) Symbol for the element that seems to give some protection against cancer when a diet rich in this element is consumed.(10) Symbol for the smallest noble gas that forms compounds with fluorine having the general formula \(\mathrm{AF}_{2}\) and \(\mathrm{AF}_{4}\) (reverse the symbol and split the letters as shown). (11) Symbol for the toxic element that, like phosphorus and antimony, forms tetrameric molecules when uncombined with other elements (split the letters of the symbol as shown). (12) Symbol for the element that occurs as an inert component of air but is a very prominent part of fertilizers and explosives.

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Write balanced equations describing the reaction of Sr with each of the following: \(\mathrm{O}_{2}, \mathrm{S}, \mathrm{Cl}_{2}, \mathrm{P}_{4}, \mathrm{H}_{2}, \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O},\) and HCl.

Explain why HF is a weak acid, whereas HCl, HBr, and HI are all strong acids.

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