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Chapter 27: Problem 14

In the ketones: a) what type(s) of intermolecular force is (are) present? b) what is the strongest intermolecular force present?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Ketones experience London dispersion forces and dipole-dipole interactions, but not hydrogen bonding. The strongest intermolecular force in ketones is the dipole-dipole interaction due to the polar nature of the carbonyl group.

Step by step solution

01

Identify the Intermolecular Forces

Look at the molecular structure of the ketone. Like all molecules, it experiences London dispersion forces, the weakest type of intermolecular force. However, because a ketone has a carbonyl group - a polar group made up of a carbon atom and an oxygen atom - it also experiences dipole-dipole forces. The molecule is polar because oxygen atoms are more electronegative than carbon atoms, resulting in a region of partial negative charge near the oxygen and a region of partial positive charge near the carbon. Hydrogen bonding is not present because ketones lack the necessary hydrogen bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine.
02

Identify the Strongest Intermolecular Force

Of the intermolecular forces known to occur in ketones (London dispersion forces and dipole-dipole interactions), dipole-dipole forces are stronger. This is because the difference in electronegativity between the carbon atom and the oxygen atom in the carbonyl group creates a polar molecule, making the dipole-dipole attraction between molecules more noticeable, and thus stronger, than the short-lived and randomly occurring London dispersion forces.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Recall that the electronegativity of \(\mathrm{C}\) and \(\mathrm{H}\) are roughly the same, but that \(\mathrm{O}\) has a significantly higher electronegativity. For each type of compound (alkane, ketone, alcohol) predict whether or not the compound is expected to be polar or nonpolar.

For each type of compound below, indicate how the boiling point changes as the molecular weight of the compound increases: a) alkane b) ketone c) \(\quad\) alcohol

In the alcohols: a) what type(s) of intermolecular force is (are) present? b) what is the strongest intermolecular force present?

In terms of intermolecular forces, why does the boiling point of a particular type of compound (for example, an alkane) increase as the molecular weight increases?

Rank these intermolecular forces in terms of their typical relative strengths: hydrogen bonding; dipole-dipole; induced dipole-induced dipole.
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