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Chapter 2: Problem 34

Give two examples of each of the following: (a) a diatomic molecule containing atoms of the same element, (b) a diatomic molecule containing atoms of different elements, (c) a polyatomic molecule containing atoms of the same element, (d) a polyatomic molecule containing atoms of different elements.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Examples of (a) diatomic molecules containing atoms of the same element are O2 and N2, (b) diatomic molecules containing atoms of different elements are CO and HCl, (c) polyatomic molecules containing atoms of the same element are P4 and S8, (d) polyatomic molecules containing atoms of different elements are H2O and NH3.

Step by step solution

01

Diatomic Molecules with Same Element

In such a molecule, two atoms of the same element are bonded together. Some examples include: \[ \text{O}_2 \text{ and N}_2 \]. Both of these are examples of diatomic molecules where the atoms involved are of the same element (Oxygen and Nitrogen respectively).
02

Diatomic Molecules with Different Elements

In this type of molecule, two atoms of different elements join together. Two examples for this are: \[ \text{CO and HCl} \]. In this case, each molecule is composed of two different elements.
03

Polyatomic Molecules with Same Element

In this kind of molecule, three or more atoms of the same element bond together. Two examples could be Phosphorous (P4) and Sulfur (S8). Both of these are examples of polyatomic molecules, where all atoms involved belong to the same element.
04

Polyatomic Molecules with Different Elements

In such a molecule, three or more atoms of different elements are bonded together. Some examples of these are: \[ \text{H}_2\text{O and NH}_3. \] Both these examples of polyatomic molecules consist of atoms from different elements.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Diatomic Molecules
Diatomic molecules are formed when two atoms bond together. These can be from the same element or different elements. When two identical atoms form a diatomic molecule, it is known as a homonuclear diatomic molecule, like those seen in oxygen \( \text{O}_2 \) and nitrogen \( \text{N}_2 \). These molecules share a simple bond where each atom contributes one electron to form the shared pair bond.
  • Homonuclear diatomic molecules: \( \text{O}_2, \text{N}_2 \)
  • Heteronuclear diatomic molecules: Comprised of two different elements, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen chloride (HCl)
Diatomic molecules are common in the universe, as many gases, at room temperature, naturally occur in this configuration. Their simplicity enables a fundamental understanding of chemical bonding processes.
Polyatomic Molecules
Polyatomic molecules consist of three or more atoms, forming a more complex structure. Unlike diatomic molecules, polyatomic molecules can consist of atoms from the same element, creating unique compounds like \( \text{P}_4 \) for phosphorus and \( \text{S}_8 \) for sulfur. These are examples of homonuclear polyatomic molecules.
In contrast, molecules with different elements form heteronuclear polyatomic molecules. Water (\(\text{H}_2\text{O} \)) and ammonia (\(\text{NH}_3 \)) fall into this category. Polyatomic molecules are significant in understanding chemical reactions that involve more complex structures and bonds.
  • Homonuclear polyatomic molecules: \( \text{P}_4, \text{S}_8 \)
  • Heteronuclear polyatomic molecules: \( \text{H}_2\text{O}, \text{NH}_3 \)
Chemical Bonding
Chemical bonding describes the force holding atoms together in a molecule. Bonds can be covalent, where electrons are shared between atoms, or ionic, where electrons are transferred from one atom to another. The strength and type of bond influence the physical and chemical properties of a molecule.
  • Covalent Bonds: Often found in diatomic molecules like oxygen (\( \text{O}_2 \)) where atoms share electrons to achieve stability.
  • Ionic Bonds: More common in compounds where elements have distinct electronegativity, such as in sodium chloride.
A clear understanding of chemical bonding helps explain the stability and reactivity of molecules in various chemical reactions.
Elemental Composition
Elemental composition refers to the types and quantities of atoms that form a molecule. Diatomic molecules like nitrogen (\( \text{N}_2 \)) consist entirely of one type of element, whereas polyatomic molecules such as water (\( \text{H}_2\text{O} \)) include different elements in specific ratios. Understanding elemental composition is critical for assessing molecular characteristics like chemical behavior, molecular mass, and reactivity.
  • Single Element: Molecules composed of one element, such as \( \text{N}_2 \) or \( \text{S}_8 \).
  • Multiple Elements: Molecules composed of more than one element, like \( \text{H}_2\text{O} \) and \( \text{NH}_3 \).
Recognizing the elemental composition of molecules lays the foundation for more advanced studies in chemical synthesis and molecular engineering.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

(a) Describe Rutherford's experiment and how it led to the structure of the atom. How was he able to estimate the number of protons in a nucleus from the scattering of the \(\alpha\) particles? (b) Consider the \({ }^{23} \mathrm{Na}\) atom. Given that the radius and mass of the nucleus are \(3.04 \times 10^{-15} \mathrm{~m}\) and \(3.82 \times 10^{-23} \mathrm{~g},\) respectively, calculate the density of the nucleus in \(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\). The radius of a \({ }^{23} \mathrm{Na}\) atom is \(186 \mathrm{pm}\). Calculate the density of the space occupied by the electrons in the sodium atom. Do your results support Rutherford's model of an atom? [The volume of a sphere of ra\(\operatorname{dius} r\) is \(\left.(4 / 3) \pi r^{3} \cdot\right]\)

The Group \(1 \mathrm{~B}\) metals, \(\mathrm{Cu}, \mathrm{Ag},\) and \(\mathrm{Au},\) are called coinage metals. What chemical properties make them specially suitable for making coins and jewelry?

In the following \(2 \times 2\) crossword, each letter must be correct four ways: horizontally, vertically, diagonally, and by itself. When the puzzle is complete, the four spaces will contain the overlapping symbols of 10 elements. Use capital letters for each square. There is only one correct solution. $$ \begin{array}{|c|c|} \hline 1 & 2 \\ \hline 3 & 4 \\ \hline \end{array} $$ Horizontal 1-2: Two-letter symbol for a metal used in ancient times 3-4: Two-letter symbol for a metal that burns in air and is found in Group \(5 \mathrm{~A}\) Vertical 1-3: Two-letter symbol for a metalloid 2-4: Two-letter symbol for a metal used in U.S. coins Single Squares 1: A colorful nonmetal 2: A colorless gaseous nonmetal 3: An element that makes fireworks green 4: An element that has medicinal uses Diagonal 1-4: Two-letter symbol for an element used in electronics 2-3: Two-letter symbol for a metal used with Zr to make wires for superconducting magnets

What does a chemical formula represent? What is the ratio of the atoms in the following molecular formulas? (a) NO, (b) \(\mathrm{NCl}_{3}\) (c) \(\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4},\) (d) \(\mathrm{P}_{4} \mathrm{O}_{6}\)

Write the molecular formula of glycine, an amino acid present in proteins. The color codes are: black (carbon), blue (nitrogen), red (oxygen), and gray (hydrogen).
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