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Chapter 19: Problem 12

Define nuclear binding energy, mass defect, and nucleon.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Nuclear Binding Energy is the energy needed to disassemble a nucleus into its component protons and neutrons. Mass Defect is the difference between the mass of a nucleus and the sum of masses of its individual nucleons. A Nucleon is either a proton or a neutron, the particles that make up the atomic nucleus.

Step by step solution

01

Defining Nuclear Binding Energy

Nuclear Binding Energy refers to the energy that is needed to disassemble a nucleus of an atom into its component protons and neutrons. It can also be understood as the energy that is released when nucleons come together to form a nucleus, due to the interaction of strong nuclear forces.
02

Explaining Mass Defect

Mass defect, also known as the binding energy, is the difference between the mass of a nucleus and the sum of the masses of its individual nucleons. It is this defect that is converted into energy according to Einstein's mass-energy equivalence principle, expressed as \(E=mc^2\).
03

Understanding Nucleon

A nucleon is one of the particles that makes up the atomic nucleus. Each nucleus consists of one or more nucleons, and each nucleon is either a proton or a neutron.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Mass Defect
When looking at atomic nuclei, the term "mass defect" is quite significant. It's a measure of the "missing mass" in the nucleus. This missing mass is not lost, per se, but transformed into energy. According to Einstein's famous equation, \(E=mc^2\), where \(E\) stands for energy, \(m\) is mass, and \(c\) is the speed of light, the mass defect can be translated into binding energy. This energy is what holds the nucleus together. To better understand mass defect:
  • Consider the mass of a nucleus. It's slightly less than the total mass of the individual protons and neutrons.
  • The discrepancy, or "defect," in mass is due to the energy released when the nucleus is formed.
  • This energy, known as binding energy, keeps the nucleus stable and intact.
Through this conversion, we see how mass and energy share a profound relationship in nuclear physics.
Nucleon
When diving into the core structure of an atom, you'll encounter nucleons, the building blocks of the atomic nucleus. Essentially, a nucleon is any particle within the nucleus, specifically protons and neutrons. Key features of nucleons include:
  • Proton: A positively charged nucleon. Its number within the nucleus determines the element's identity.
  • Neutron: A neutral nucleon. It helps in stabilizing the nucleus by counteracting the repulsive forces between positively charged protons.
  • Nucleons are held together by extremely strong attractive forces, ensuring the nucleus remains intact.
Understanding nucleons is crucial, as changes in their arrangement or number can lead to different isotopes or even transmute one element into another. They are fundamental in illustrating atomic structure and determining atomic mass.
Strong Nuclear Forces
The nucleus of an atom is an environment teeming with energy. Despite immense repulsive forces among protons due to their positive charges, the nucleus remains stable. This is largely because of the strong nuclear forces at play. Strong nuclear forces:
  • These forces are a type of fundamental interaction. They are incredibly powerful, much stronger than electromagnetic forces at the subatomic level.
  • They bind nucleons together, countering the repulsive electromagnetic forces between protons.
  • Act only over very short distances within the nucleus.
Without these forces, atomic nuclei couldn't exist as we know them. The strong nuclear forces assure that, despite internal chaos and energy, the nucleus remains a densely packed, stable center of an atom. Understanding these forces provides insight into nuclear reactions, such as fission and fusion, that release vast amounts of energy.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Describe how you would prepare astatine- 211 , starting with bismuth-209.

Why is it preferable to use nuclear binding energy per nucleon for a comparison of the stabilities of different nuclei?

Outline the principle for dating materials using radioactive isotopes.

A freshly isolated sample of \({ }^{90} \mathrm{Y}\) was found to have an activity of \(9.8 \times 10^{5}\) disintegrations per minute at 1: 00 P.M. on December 3,2003 . At 2: 15 P.M. on December \(17,2003,\) its activity was redetermined and found to be \(2.6 \times 10^{4}\) disintegrations per minute. Calculate the half-life of \({ }^{90} \mathrm{Y}\).

The quantity of a radioactive material is often measured by its activity (measured in curies or millicuries) rather than by its mass. In a brain scan procedure, a \(70-\mathrm{kg}\) patient is injected with \(20.0 \mathrm{mCi}\) of \({ }^{99 \mathrm{~m}} \mathrm{Tc},\) which decays by emitting \(\gamma\) -ray photons with a half-life of \(6.0 \mathrm{~h}\). Given that the \(\mathrm{RBE}\) of these photons is 0.98 and only two-thirds of the photons are absorbed by the body, calculate the rem dose received by the patient. Assume all of the \({ }^{99 \mathrm{~m}} \mathrm{Tc}\) nuclei decay while in the body. The energy of a gamma photon is \(2.29 \times 10^{-14} \mathrm{~J}\).
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