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Chapter 22: Problem 11

Answer the following questions regarding the formation of polymers. a. What structural features must be present in a monomer in order to form a homopolymer polyester? b. What structural features must be present in the monomers in order to form a copolymer polyamide? (Hint: Nylon is an example of a polyamide. When the monomers link together to form nylon, an amide functional group results from each linkage.) c. What structural features must be present in a monomer that can form both an addition polymer and a condensation polymer?

Short Answer

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a. A monomer must have both a carboxyl (-COOH) and a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group to form a homopolymer polyester. b. One monomer must have an amine functional group (-NH2), and the other must have a carboxyl functional group (-COOH) to form a copolymer polyamide. c. A monomer must have a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) and a reactive functional group, such as -OH, -COOH, or -NH2, to form both an addition polymer and a condensation polymer.

Step by step solution

01

Identify the functional groups required in a monomer to form a homopolymer polyester

A homopolymer polyester is formed through a reaction between monomers containing a carboxyl functional group (-COOH) and a hydroxyl functional group (-OH). The reaction results in the formation of an ester linkage (-COO-).
02

Determine the necessary structure for a monomer to form a homopolymer polyester

For a monomer to form a homopolymer polyester, it must have both the carboxyl functional group and the hydroxyl functional group. An example of such a monomer is hydroxybenzoic acid, which has the structure: HO-C6H4-COOH So, the structural features for a monomer to form a homopolymer polyester include both a carboxyl and a hydroxyl functional group. #b. Copolymer polyamide#
03

Identify the functional groups required for a copolymer polyamide

A copolymer polyamide is formed by the reaction between monomers containing an amine functional group (-NH2) and a carboxyl functional group (-COOH). The reaction results in the formation of an amide linkage (-CONH-).
04

Determine the necessary structure for monomers to form a copolymer polyamide

For monomers to form a copolymer polyamide, one must contain an amine functional group (-NH2) and the other must have a carboxyl functional group (-COOH). Examples of such monomers are hexamethylenediamine (H2N-(CH2)6-NH2) and adipic acid (HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH). The monomers must have these functional groups for the formation of the polyamide copolymer. #c. Monomer for an addition polymer and a condensation polymer#
05

Determine the structural feature for an addition polymer

Addition polymers are formed through the reaction between monomers containing a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C). This double bond is broken and forms new single bonds with other monomers to create the polymer.
06

Determine the structural feature for a condensation polymer

Condensation polymers are formed through the reaction between monomers containing reactive functional groups, such as -OH, -COOH, or -NH2, which combine to form a new bond and release a small molecule, usually water.
07

Identify a monomer with the structural features to form both an addition and a condensation polymer

A monomer that can form both an addition polymer and a condensation polymer would need a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) to form the addition polymer and at least one reactive functional group to form the condensation polymer. An example of such a monomer is acrylic acid (CH2=CHCOOH), which has a carbon-carbon double bond and a carboxyl functional group (-COOH). So, the structural features for a monomer to form both an addition polymer and a condensation polymer include a carbon-carbon double bond and a reactive functional group, such as -OH, -COOH, or -NH2.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Isoprene is the repeating unit in natural rubber. The structure of isoprene is a. Give a systematic name for isoprene. b. When isoprene is polymerized, two polymers of the form are possible. In natural rubber, the cis configuration is found. The polymer with the trans configuration about the double bond is called gutta percha and was once used in the manufacture of golf balls. Draw the structure of natural rubber and gutta percha showing three repeating units and the configuration about the carbon鈥揷arbon double bonds.

Which of the noncyclic isomers of \(\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{7} \mathrm{F}\) are optically active?

Name all the aldehydes and ketones that have the formula\(\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{10} \mathrm{O}\) .

Helicenes are extended fused polyaromatic hydrocarbons that have a helical or screw-shaped structure. a. A \(0.1450-\) g sample of solid helicene is combusted in air to give 0.5063 \(\mathrm{g} \mathrm{CO}_{2}\) . What is the empirical formula of this helicene? b. If a 0.0938 -g sample of this helicene is dissolved in 12.5 g of solvent to give a 0.0175 M solution, what is the molecular formula of this helicene? c. What is the balanced reaction for the combustion of this helicene?

Estimate \(\Delta H\) for the following reactions using bond energies given in Table \(8.5 .\) $$ 3 \mathrm{CH}_{2}=\mathrm{CH}_{2}(g)+3 \mathrm{H}_{2}(g) \rightarrow 3 \mathrm{CH}_{3}-\mathrm{CH}_{3}(g) $$ The enthalpies of formation for \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{6}(g)\) and \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12}(g)\) are 82.9 and \(-90.3 \mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{mol}\) , respectively. Calculate \(\Delta H^{\circ}\) for the two reactions using standard enthalpies of formation from Appendix \( 4 .\) Account for any differences between the results obtained from the two methods.
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