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Chapter 2: Problem 4

Heat is applied to an ice cube in a closed container until only steam is present. Draw a representation of this process, assuming you can see it at an extremely high level of magnification. What happens to the size of the molecules? What happens to the total mass of the sample?

Short Answer

Expert verified
In the closed container, when the ice cube transitions from solid to liquid and then to steam, the size of the individual water molecules remains unchanged. However, the distance between the molecules increases, with the most significant increase occurring when transitioning from liquid to gas. The total mass of the sample is conserved and remains constant throughout the process, while the volume occupied by the steam becomes significantly larger than that of the initial ice cube.

Step by step solution

01

States of Matter

First, let's remind ourselves that ice is the solid state of water, and steam is the gaseous state of water. This means that the ice cube will undergo two transitions: solid to liquid and then liquid to gas.
02

Transition from Solid to Liquid

When heat is applied to the ice cube in the closed container, energy is being transferred to the water molecules in the ice. The energy causes the water molecules to vibrate faster, weakening the bonds between them. As more heat is applied, eventually the bonds break completely, allowing the molecules to flow past each other, turning the ice into water (liquid state). During this phase, the water molecules are still close together, but they have more freedom of movement. The size of the individual molecules does not change; however, the spacing between the molecules increases.
03

Transition from Liquid to Gas

As we continue to apply heat to the now liquid water, the water molecules gain even more energy and start to move even faster. As this happens, some of the water molecules on the surface of the liquid have enough energy to overcome the attractive forces holding them together and escape into the air as gas (steam). During this phase, the molecules are spaced even further apart than in the liquid phase, giving them more freedom of movement. The size of the individual molecules does not change, but the distance between the molecules is significantly greater than in the liquid state.
04

Closed Container considerations

Since the process is taking place in a closed container, all the mass will be conserved, meaning the total mass does not change throughout the process. However, the volume occupied by the steam will be much greater than the volume occupied by the ice cube at the beginning due to the increased spacing between the water molecules.
05

Summary

In conclusion, as the ice cube turns into steam (solid -> liquid -> gas) within a closed container, the size of the individual water molecules remains unchanged. However, the distance between molecules increases as they transition from ice to water and then from water to steam. The total mass of the sample remains constant throughout the process, as it is conserved inside the closed container. The volume occupied by the steam is significantly larger than the initial ice cube due to the increased spacing between the water molecules.

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