/*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} Problem 45 The shape of the meniscus of wat... [FREE SOLUTION] | 91影视

91影视

Log out

Learning Materials

Features

Discover

Chapter 10: Problem 45

The shape of the meniscus of water in a glass tube is different from that of mercury in a glass tube. Why?

Short Answer

Expert verified
The meniscus shape of water in a glass tube is concave due to its strong adhesion with the glass surface and cohesive forces between water molecules, which cause the water level to be higher at the edge. Conversely, the meniscus shape of mercury in a glass tube is convex because its strong cohesive forces significantly exceed the weak adhesion with the glass surface, leading to a lower mercury level near the edge. The difference in meniscus shapes results from the distinct adhesion, cohesion properties, and wetting characteristics of water and mercury on glass surfaces.

Step by step solution

01

Define the meniscus

A meniscus is the curved surface of a liquid in a container or another solid surface. The shape of the meniscus depends on the balance between adhesive forces and cohesive forces.
02

Define adhesion and cohesion

Adhesion is the force of attraction between unlike molecules, such as a liquid and a solid surface. Cohesion is the force of attraction between like molecules, such as liquid molecules.
03

Understand surface tension and wetting

Surface tension arises due to the imbalance of attractive forces between liquid molecules near the surface. It is responsible for the curved shape of the meniscus. Wetting refers to how well a liquid spreads over a surface. A liquid has good wetting characteristics if it easily spreads across a surface, like water on glass. Meanwhile, poor wetting occurs when a liquid does not spread easily on a surface, like mercury on glass.
04

Identify the adhesion and cohesion properties of water

Water molecules have strong cohesive forces, thanks to hydrogen bonding, which are even stronger than adhesive forces with glass. However, water is also highly polar and easily forms hydrogen bonds with the glass surface, creating strong adhesion between them.
05

Analyze the shape of the meniscus in a water-filled glass tube

Due to the strong adhesion properties, water spreads well on the glass surface. This leads to the formation of a concave meniscus (curve curving upwards) inside the glass tube as the adhesive forces between water and glass overcome the cohesive forces between the water molecules. The water level near the edge is higher than that of the center.
06

Identify the adhesion and cohesion properties of mercury

Mercury has very strong cohesive forces between its molecules due to metallic bonding, which are stronger than the adhesive forces between the glass surface and mercury atoms. Additionally, mercury is non-polar, creating weaker adhesive forces with glass compared to water.
07

Analyze the shape of the meniscus in a mercury-filled glass tube

Due to the weak adhesion properties, the mercury doesn't spread well on the glass surface. The cohesive forces between mercury molecules significantly exceed the adhesive forces with the glass surface. This leads to the formation of a convex meniscus (curvature curving downwards) inside the glass tube, as the mercury pulled inward. The mercury level near the edge is lower than that of the center.
08

Final Step: Compare the meniscus of water and mercury

In a glass tube, the meniscus of water is concave, with the water level higher at the edge, due to strong adhesion with the glass surface and cohesive forces between water molecules. On the other hand, the meniscus of mercury is convex, with the mercury level lower at the edge, due to significantly stronger cohesive forces overcoming the weak adhesion with the glass surface. This difference in meniscus shapes results from differences in adhesion, cohesion properties, and wetting of water and mercury on the glass surface.

Unlock Step-by-Step Solutions & Ace Your Exams!

  • Full Textbook Solutions

    Get detailed explanations and key concepts

  • Unlimited Al creation

    Al flashcards, explanations, exams and more...

  • Ads-free access

    To over 500 millions flashcards

  • Money-back guarantee

    We refund you if you fail your exam.

Over 30 million students worldwide already upgrade their learning with 91影视!

One App. One Place for Learning.

All the tools & learning materials you need for study success - in one app.

Get started for free

Most popular questions from this chapter

The memory metal, nitinol, is an alloy of nickel and titanium. It is called a memory metal because after being deformed, a piece of nitinol wire will return to its original shape. The structure of nitinol consists of a simple cubic array of Ni atoms and an inner penetrating simple cubic array of Ti atoms. In the extended lattice, a Ti atom is found at the center of a cube of Ni atoms; the reverse is also true. a. Describe the unit cell for nitinol. b. What is the empirical formula of nitinol? c. What are the coordination numbers (number of nearest neighbors) of Ni and Ti in nitinol?

Why does water evaporate?

A 20.0 -g sample of ice at \(-10.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is mixed with 100.0 g water at \(80.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) . Calculate the final temperature of the mixture assuming no heat loss to the surroundings. The heat capacities of \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(s)\) and \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l)\) are 2.03 and \(4.18 \mathrm{J} / \mathrm{g} \cdot^{\circ} \mathrm{C},\) respectively, and the enthalpy of fusion for ice is 6.02 \(\mathrm{kJ} / \mathrm{mol} .\)

How does each of the following affect the rate of evaporation of a liquid in an open dish? a. intermolecular forces b. temperature c. surface area

Hydrogen peroxide \(\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}\right)\) is a syrupy liquid with a relatively low vapor pressure and a normal boiling point of \(152.2^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) . Rationalize the differences of these physical properties from those of water.
See all solutions

Recommended explanations on Chemistry Textbooks

Making Measurements

Read Explanation

The Earths Atmosphere

Read Explanation

Ionic and Molecular Compounds

Read Explanation

Physical Chemistry

Read Explanation

Organic Chemistry

Read Explanation

Nuclear Chemistry

Read Explanation
View all explanations

What do you think about this solution?

We value your feedback to improve our textbook solutions.

Study anywhere. Anytime. Across all devices.