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Chapter 27: Problem 907

All the silicon and most of the oxygen in the earth's crust exists in the form of silicate minerals, such as granite. If the basic chemical unit of all silicates is the \(\mathrm{Sio}_{4} 4^{4-}\) ion, which consists of an \(\mathrm{Si}^{4+}\) ion and four \(\mathrm{O}^{2-}\) ions, write the electronic configurations of the \(\mathrm{Si}^{4+}\) and \(\mathrm{O}^{2-}\) ions in silicate materials.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The electronic configurations of the Si鈦粹伜 and O虏鈦� ions in silicate materials are: - Si鈦粹伜: \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6\) - O虏鈦�: \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6\)

Step by step solution

01

Atomic Numbers of Si and O

Firstly, we need to find the atomic numbers of silicon and oxygen atoms. From the periodic table, the atomic numbers are: - Silicon (Si): 14 - Oxygen (O): 8
02

Neutral Atom Electronic Configurations

Next, we will find the electronic configurations for neutral atoms of silicon and oxygen, using the periodic table or the aufbau principle: - Silicon (Si): \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^2\) - Oxygen (O): \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^4\)
03

Si鈦粹伜 Ion Electronic Configuration

The charge on the Si鈦粹伜 ion indicates that it has lost 4 electrons. So, we will remove 4 electrons from the Si neutral atom electronic configuration. We remove them from the highest energy levels: 2 electrons from the 3p and 2 electrons from the 3s orbitals. Si鈦粹伜 ion electronic configuration: \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6\)
04

O虏鈦� Ion Electronic Configuration

The charge on the O虏鈦� ion indicates that it has gained 2 electrons. So, we will add 2 electrons to the O neutral atom electronic configuration. We add them to the 2p orbital, as this is the highest energy level that is not yet filled. O虏鈦� ion electronic configuration: \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6\) To conclude, the electronic configurations of the Si鈦粹伜 and O虏鈦� ions in silicate materials are: - Si鈦粹伜: \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6\) - O虏鈦�: \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6\)

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Silicate Minerals
Silicate minerals compose over 90% of the Earth's crust, and granite is a common example, containing quartz, feldspar, and mica. At the heart of these minerals is the basic chemical unit, the silicate ion (SiO_4^{4-}), composed of one silicon ion (Si^{4+}) surrounded by four oxygen ions (O^{2-}). The robust framework of silicate materials is due to the strong chemical bonds between silicon and oxygen, which result in various crystal structures from a single tetrahedron to complex three-dimensional networks.
Periodic Table
The periodic table is an essential tool in chemistry, organizing all known elements according to their atomic number (Z), electron configurations, and recurring chemical properties. Elements are arranged in rows called periods and columns known as groups. A comprehensive understanding of the periodic table allows us to predict how elements behave chemically and physically, such as forming ions in silicate minerals.
Aufbau Principle
The aufbau principle is a fundamental guideline to determine the electron configuration of an atom, ion, or molecule. According to this principle, electrons fill atomic orbitals of the lowest available energy levels first before occupying higher levels. For example, silicon's electron configuration starts at the low energy 1s orbital and proceeds to the higher energy 3p orbitals. When creating ions, this filling pattern informs us which electrons are lost or gained.
Atomic Number
An element's atomic number, symbolized by Z, is the count of protons contained in its atomic nucleus. This number uniquely identifies a chemical element. For instance, silicon (Si) has an atomic number of 14, while oxygen (O) has eight. The atomic number determines the position of an element in the periodic table and directly influences its electron configuration and, subsequently, its ability to form ions, such as in the case of silicate minerals.
Ionic Charge
Ions are charged atoms or molecules that have lost or gained electrons. The ionic charge, also known as oxidation state, is indicated by a plus or minus sign along with a number, representing the net charge. When an atom loses electrons, it becomes positively charged (cation), like Si^{4+}. Conversely, an atom that gains electrons becomes negatively charged (anion), such as O^{2-}. Ionic charges are crucial as they determine the chemical reactivity and bonding capabilities of an atom within compounds like silicate minerals.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The analysis of a sample of soil weighing \(0.4210 \mathrm{~g}\) yields a mixture of \(\mathrm{KCl}\) and \(\mathrm{NaCl}\) weighing \(0.0699 \mathrm{~g} .\) From the \(\mathrm{KCl}\), \(0.060 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{AgCl}\) is precipitated out. Calculate the percent of \(\mathrm{KC} 1\) in the soil.

Solid ammonium nitrate, amitol, is much used as an explosive; it requires a detonator explosive to cause its decomposition to hot gases. \(\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{NO}_{3} \rightarrow \mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}+2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) Assume \(900 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{NC}_{3}\) almost instantaneously decomposed. What total volume of gas in liters forms at \(1092^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?\)

A tomato weighing \(60.0 \mathrm{~g}\) is analyzed for sulfur content by digestion in concentrated \(\mathrm{HNO}_{3}\) followed by precipitation with Ba to form \(\mathrm{BaSO}_{4} .0 .466 \mathrm{~g}\) of \(\mathrm{BaSO}_{4}\) is obtained. If all of the sulfur is converted to \(\mathrm{BaSO}_{4}\), what is the percentage of sulfur in the tomato?

To obtain \(500 \mathrm{~kg}\) of glass composed of equimolar proportions of \(\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{SiO}_{3}\) and \(\mathrm{CaSiO}_{3}\), what weights of \(\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}, \mathrm{CaCO}_{3}\), and \(\mathrm{SiO}_{2}\) should be used?

Solder is a lead-tin alloy. \(1.00\) gram of the alloy treated with warm \(30 \% \mathrm{HNO}_{3}\) gave a lead nitrate solution and some insoluble white residue. After drying, the white residue weighed \(0.600 \mathrm{~g}\) and was found to be \(\mathrm{SnO}_{2}\). What was the percentage tin in the sample? \(\mathrm{Sn}+4 \mathrm{HNO}_{3}+\mathrm{SnO}_{2}+4 \mathrm{~N}_{2}+2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\)
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