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Chapter 20: Problem 10

Line \(u p .\) Place the following components of the electron-transport chain in their proper order: (a) cytochrome \(c ;\) (b) Q-cytochrome \(c\) oxidoreductase; (c) NADH-Q oxidoreductase; (d) cytochrome \(c\) oxidase; (e) ubiquinone.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Correct order: c, e, b, a, d.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the components

These components are parts of the electron-transport chain in cellular respiration, where electrons are passed along to eventually form ATP. We will arrange them in the correct order based on how electrons flow through this chain.
02

Identify the sequence

The chain starts with NADH-Q oxidoreductase (Complex I), which receives electrons from NADH. Then, ubiquinone (Q) acts as an electron carrier. Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (Complex III) follows, which passes electrons to cytochrome c. Finally, electrons are passed to cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV), where they reduce oxygen.
03

Arrange the components

Arrange components in the correct order of electron flow: 1. NADH-Q oxidoreductase (c) 2. Ubiquinone (e) 3. Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (b) 4. Cytochrome c (a) 5. Cytochrome c oxidase (d).
04

Verify the sequence

Check the sequence to ensure electrons flow properly from NADH to oxygen, via the components of the electron transport chain, confirming the correct order is: c, e, b, a, d.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Understanding Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is a vital biochemical process in living cells. It converts nutrients from food into energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This process involves multiple metabolic pathways and occurs primarily in the mitochondria. During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in several stages:
  • Glycolysis: Takes place in the cytoplasm, breaking glucose into pyruvate.
  • Citric Acid Cycle: Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, generating electron carriers.
  • Electron Transport Chain (ETC): Utilizes a series of proteins and electron carriers to produce ATP.
The electron transport chain (ETC) is the final step, where a series of complex molecules transfer electrons harvested from earlier processes. This chain requires oxygen to operate, which explains why we breathe: to supply cells with oxygen, a key player in ATP production.
ATP Formation in the Electron Transport Chain
ATP, the energy currency of the cell, is produced through a process called chemiosmosis during cellular respiration. Here's how it works in the electron transport chain (ETC):
  • Electrons transferred through ETC release energy.
  • This energy pumps protons ( H^+ ) from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient.
  • The return flow of protons through ATP synthase, a special enzyme, drives the conversion of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate ( P_i ) into ATP.
This illustrates the unique aspect of the ETC: it does not produce ATP directly. Instead, it sets up conditions that enable ATP synthase to produce it efficiently. Each NADH can generate enough proton gradient to synthesize approximately three ATP molecules.
How NADH-Q Oxidoreductase Functions
NADH-Q oxidoreductase, also known as Complex I, is the first and largest enzyme in the electron transport chain. Here's what this complex does:
  • Accepts electrons from NADH, a high-energy electron carrier generated in earlier stages.
  • Utilizes these electrons to pump protons across the mitochondrial membrane, contributing to the proton gradient essential for ATP production.
  • Transfers the electrons to ubiquinone (Q), an electron carrier that shuttles them to the next complex.
Complex I plays a critical role by kickstarting the electron transport chain, ensuring that the energy from NADH is effectively used to establish a proton gradient.
The Role of Cytochrome c in Electron Transport
Cytochrome c is a small heme protein that acts as an important electron carrier in the electron transport chain. It is located in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria and serves a crucial function:
  • Receives electrons from the Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (Complex III).
  • Shuttles electrons to cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV), the final complex in the chain.
  • Facilitates the reduction of molecular oxygen (O2) into water, a key step in extracting energy from electrons.
Without cytochrome c, electron transfer would falter, halting ATP production. Its rapid electronic shuttle system underscores the fast-paced, efficient nature of the electron transport chain, critical for meeting cellular energy demands.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Breathe or ferment? Compare fermentation and respiration with respect to electron donors and electron acceptors.

Structural considerations. Explain why coenzyme \(\mathrm{Q}\) is an effective mobile electron carrier in the electron-transport chain.

Maybe you shouldn't take your vitamins. Exercise is known to increase insulin sensitivity and to ameliorate type 2 diabetes (p. 323 ). Recent research suggests that taking antioxidant vitamins might mitigate the beneficial effects of exercise with respect to ROS protection. (a) What are antioxidant vitamins? (b) How does exercise protect against ROS? (c) Explain why vitamins might counteract the effects of exercise.

Recycling device. The cytochrome \(b\) component of Q-cytochrome \(c\) oxidoreductase enables both electrons of \(\mathrm{QH}_{2}\) to be effectively utilized in generating a proton-motive force. Cite another recycling device in metabolism that brings a potentially dead-end reaction product back into the mainstream.

Inhibitors. Rotenone inhibits electron flow through NADH-Q oxidoreductase. Antimycin A blocks electron flow between cytochromes \(b\) and \(c_{1}\). Cyanide blocks electron flow through cytochrome oxidase to \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\). Predict the relative oxidation-reduction state of each of the following respiratory- chain components in mitochondria that are treated with each of the inhibitors: \(\mathrm{NAD}^{+} ; \mathrm{NADH}-\mathrm{Q}\) oxidoreductase; coenzyme \(\mathrm{Q}\); cytochrome \(c_{1}\); cytochrome \(c\); cytochrome \(a . \sim 1\)
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