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Chapter 10: Problem 1

Word origin. Account for the origin of the term carbohydrate.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The term 'carbohydrate' comes from 'carbo-' (Latin for carbon) and '-hydrate' (Greek for water), meaning 'carbon water'.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding the Components

The word 'carbohydrate' can be broken down into two main parts: 'carbo-' and '-hydrate'. These components originate from different sources and have specific meanings.
02

Analyzing the Prefix

The prefix 'carbo-' stems from the Latin word 'carbo', which means 'coal' or 'carbon'. It is used here to refer to the carbon atoms present in carbohydrates.
03

Examining the Suffix

The suffix '-hydrate' originates from the Greek word 'hydr-', which means 'water'. In chemical terms, it often refers to compounds that involve water or have water-like components.
04

Combining the Components

When combined, 'carbohydrate' literally translates to 'carbon water', which reflects the compound's chemical composition. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, similar to how water and carbon are structured.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Word Etymology
The term "carbohydrate" reveals a lot about its composition and origin through its etymological roots. Etymology helps us understand the history and meaning behind a word. For "carbohydrate", breaking down the term into 'carbo-' and '-hydrate' offers insight.

  • 'Carbo-' comes from the Latin word 'carbo', meaning coal or carbon. This points to the presence of carbon atoms within carbohydrates.
  • '-Hydrate' has Greek origins from the word 'hydr-', meaning water. This suffix refers to the water-like components and the involvement of hydrogen and oxygen in the compounds.

Together, when "carbo" and "hydrate" are combined, they describe a substance composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a similar way to how water and carbon exist in harmony. The word essentially means "carbon water".
Organic Chemistry
In the realm of organic chemistry, carbohydrates are essential compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Organic chemistry is the branch of science concerned with the study of carbon-based compounds, and carbohydrates are a major class within this field.

Carbohydrates play numerous roles in living organisms:
  • They are a primary source of energy, especially in animals and humans.
  • In plants, they are fundamental for structural purposes, as seen in cellulose.
  • They participate in cellular recognition processes and immune system functioning.

These molecules are versatile and can be simple (like sugars) or complex (like starches and fibers), making them vital for life as we know it.
Molecular Structure
The molecular structure of carbohydrates is defined by different arrangements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. This gives rise to their classification into various types such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

  • Monosaccharides: These are the simplest carbohydrates that consist of single sugar molecules like glucose or fructose. They serve as building blocks for more complex carbohydrates.
  • Disaccharides: Formed when two monosaccharides join together, such as sucrose (table sugar). They are often involved in energy transport.
  • Polysaccharides: These are complex carbohydrates composed of long chains of monosaccharide units, like starch or cellulose, which are important for energy storage and structural integrity in organisms.

Carbohydrates follow the general chemical formula \[C_n(H_2O)_n\],which showcases the pattern of their typical molecular buildup consisting of carbon and water-like pairings, perfectly aligning with the term's etymology.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

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Stereospecificity. Sucrose, a major product of photosynthesis in green leaves, is synthesized by a battery of enzymes. The substrates for sucrose synthesis, D-glucose and \(\mathrm{D}\) -fructose, are a mixture of \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) anomers as well as acyclic compounds in solution. Nonetheless, sucrose consists of \(\alpha\) -D-glucose linked by its \(\mathrm{C}-1\) atom to the \(\mathrm{C}-2\) atom of \(\beta-\mathrm{D}-\) fructose. How can the specificity of sucrose be explained in light of the potential substrates?

Mutarotation. The specific rotations of the \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) anomers of D-glucose are +112 degrees and \(+18.7 \mathrm{de}-\) grees, respectively. Specific rotation, \([\alpha]_{\mathrm{D}},\) is defined as the observed rotation of light of wavelength \(589 \mathrm{nm}\) (the D line of a sodium lamp) passing through \(10 \mathrm{cm}\) of a \(1 \mathrm{g} \mathrm{ml}^{-1}\) solution of a sample. When a crystalline sample of \(\alpha\) -D-glucopyranose is dissolved in water, the specific rotation decreases from 112 degrees to an equilibrium value of 52.7 degrees. On the basis of this result, what are the proportions of the \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) anomers at equilibrium? Assume that the concentration of the open-chain form is negligible.

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