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Chapter 1: Problem 43

Identify each of the following as an observation (O), a hypothesis (H), an experiment (E), or a conclusion \((\mathrm{C}):(1.2)\) a. During an assessment in the emergency room, a nurse writes that the patient has a resting pulse of 30 beats/min. b. A nurse thinks that an incision from a recent surgery that is red and swollen is infected. c. Repeated studies show that lowering sodium in the diet leads to a decrease in blood pressure.

Short Answer

Expert verified
a. Observation, b. Hypothesis, c. Conclusion

Step by step solution

01

Classify Part (a)

Evaluate the statement: 'During an assessment in the emergency room, a nurse writes that the patient has a resting pulse of 30 beats/min.'
02

- Explanation

Determine if this statement is an observation, hypothesis, experiment, or conclusion. Since it describes a specific measurement taken by a nurse, it is an observation.
03

Classify Part (b)

Evaluate the statement: 'A nurse thinks that an incision from a recent surgery that is red and swollen is infected.'
04

- Explanation

Determine if this statement is an observation, hypothesis, experiment, or conclusion. Since the nurse is forming an explanation based on the redness and swelling, it is a hypothesis.
05

Classify Part (c)

Evaluate the statement: 'Repeated studies show that lowering sodium in the diet leads to a decrease in blood pressure.'
06

- Explanation

Determine if this statement is an observation, hypothesis, experiment, or conclusion. Since it states a result derived from repeated studies, it is a conclusion.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Observation
An observation is a direct statement about something you can sense or measure. For example, if a nurse notes that a patient has a resting pulse of 30 beats per minute, this is an observation. It doesn't involve any interpretation or assumption. When you observe, you gather data using your senses, which allows you to note facts about the world around you.
Common characteristics of observations include:
  • Being descriptive
  • Using measurable criteria (like temperature, length, etc.)
  • Being straightforward and factual
Observations are the foundation for forming a hypothesis and setting up experiments.
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is an educated guess or a proposed explanation based on observations. It is testable and can be either supported or refuted through experimentation. For instance, if a nurse thinks that an incision from surgery that is red and swollen is infected, this is a hypothesis. The nurse used prior knowledge and the current observation to form a possible explanation.
Characteristics of a hypothesis include:
  • Being based on previous observations
  • Being testable
  • Offering a potential explanation
Hypotheses guide experiments by suggesting what you might expect to find.
Experiment
An experiment is a controlled method of testing a hypothesis. It involves manipulating one variable to determine its effect on another while keeping all other variables constant. The aim is to collect data that either supports or contradicts the hypothesis.
Key aspects of experiments include:
  • Having a clear procedure
  • Using control and experimental groups
  • Collecting and analyzing data
Experiments provide the evidence needed to make informed conclusions.
Conclusion
A conclusion is a summary that explains whether the data collected in an experiment supports the hypothesis. For example, the statement 'Repeated studies show that lowering sodium in the diet leads to a decrease in blood pressure' is a conclusion. It synthesizes the results from multiple experiments. Conclusions help us understand and interpret scientific findings.
Important features of conclusions include:
  • Summarizing findings
  • Connecting to the hypothesis
  • Being based on analyzed data
Conclusions are crucial for advancing knowledge and informing future research.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Identify each activity, a to \(\mathbf{f}\), as an observation \((\mathrm{O}), \underline{a}\) hypothesis (H), an experiment (E), or a conclusion (C). At a popular restaurant, where Chang is the head chef, the following occurred: a. Chang determined that Customers rated the sesame sales of the house salad seed dressing as the best. had dropped. b. Chang decided that the house salad needed a new dressing. c. In a taste test, Chang prepared four bowls of lettuce, each with a new dressing: sesame seed, olive oil and balsamic vinegar, creamy Italian, and blue cheese. d. The tasters rated the sesame seed salad dressing as the favorite. e. After two weeks, Chang noted that the orders for the house salad with the new sesame seed dressing had doubled. f. Chang decided that the sesame seed dressing improved the sales of the house salad because the sesame seed dressing enhanced the taste.

Write each of the following in scientific notation: a. 55000 b. 480 c. \(0.000005\) d. \(0.00014\) e. \(0.0072\) f. 670000

Classify each of the following statements as an observation (O) or a hypothesis ( \(\mathrm{H}\) ): \((1.2)\) a. Analysis of a sample of 100 toys indicated that 5\% contained lead. b. Reduced \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) emission can help reduce global warming. c. A child with fever higher than \(40^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is likely to suffer damage to brain function.

Which number in each of the following pairs is smaller? a. \(4.9 \times 10^{-3}\) or \(5.5 \times 10^{-9}\) b. 1250 or \(3.4 \times 10^{2}\) c. \(0.0000004\) or \(5.0 \times 10^{2}\) d. \(2.50 \times 10^{2}\) or \(4 \times 10^{5}\)

Which of the following will help you develop a successful study plan? (1.3) a. skipping lecture and just reading the text b. working the Sample Problems as you go through a chapter c. going to your professor's office hours d. reading through the chapter, but working the problems later
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