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Chapter 14: Problem 170

In which of the following arrangements, the sequence is not strictly according to the property written against it? \(\quad\) [2009] (a) \(\mathrm{HF}<\mathrm{HCl}<\mathrm{HBr}<\mathrm{HI}\) : increasing acid strength (b) \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}<\mathrm{PH}_{3}<\mathrm{AsH}_{3}<\mathrm{SbH}_{3}:\) increasing basic strength (c) \(\mathrm{B}<\mathrm{C}<\mathrm{O}<\mathrm{N}:\) increasing first ionization enthalpy (d) \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}<\mathrm{SiO}_{2}<\mathrm{SnO}_{2}<\mathrm{PbO}_{2}:\) increasing oxidising power

Short Answer

Expert verified
(b) NH3<PH3<AsH3<SbH3: increasing basic strength is incorrect.

Step by step solution

01

Analyze Option (a)

The sequence given is \( \mathrm{HF} < \mathrm{HCl} < \mathrm{HBr} < \mathrm{HI} \) with increasing acid strength. This sequence is correct since, as we move down the halogen group from HF to HI, the bond strength weakens, leading to a greater tendency to donate \( \mathrm{H^+} \), thus increasing acid strength.
02

Analyze Option (b)

The sequence \( \mathrm{NH_3} < \mathrm{PH_3} < \mathrm{AsH_3} < \mathrm{SbH_3} \) is said to show increasing basic strength. This is incorrect because ammonia (\(\mathrm{NH_3}\)) is a stronger base compared to the other hydrides in the group due to its smaller size and higher ability to donate the lone pair of electrons. Thus, basic strength actually decreases down the group.
03

Analyze Option (c)

The sequence \( \mathrm{B} < \mathrm{C} < \mathrm{O} < \mathrm{N} \) is for increasing first ionization enthalpy. This is incorrect because nitrogen has a higher first ionization enthalpy than oxygen due to its half-filled \(2p\) subshell, which is more stable.
04

Analyze Option (d)

The sequence \( \mathrm{CO_2} < \mathrm{SiO_2} < \mathrm{SnO_2} < \mathrm{PbO_2} \) is for increasing oxidizing power. This sequence is generally correct as oxidizing power increases down the group in the carbon family as the oxidation state \( +4 \) becomes more stable in heavier elements.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Acid Strength Trend
Understanding acid strength is crucial to explaining the behavior of acids like HF, HCl, HBr, and HI. Acid strength indicates how easily an acid can donate a proton (H鈦�). As we move down the halogen group from fluorine to iodine, acids generally become stronger. This is primarily because:
  • The bond strength between hydrogen and the halogen decreases.
  • In HF, the bond is exceptionally strong due to fluorine's high electronegativity and small size.
  • As we go from HF to HI, bond strength weakens, resulting in a greater tendency to donate H鈦�.
Thus, HF is the weakest acid, and HI is the strongest among the given acids. This trend helps in predicting the reactivity and strength of different halogen acids.
Basic Strength Trend
The concept of basic strength is about an atom or molecule's ability to accept protons or donate electron pairs. In the context of hydrides like NH鈧�, PH鈧�, AsH鈧�, and SbH鈧�, the basic strength trend is not straightforward. Ammonia (NH鈧�) stands out as the strongest base among them because:
  • NH鈧� has a smaller atomic size, making the lone pair on nitrogen more available for donation.
  • Larger hydrides like PH鈧�, AsH鈧�, and SbH鈧� have more diffuse electron clouds, reducing their ability to donate electron pairs.
Contrary to the given sequence, basic strength decreases as we move down the group.
Ionization Enthalpy
Ionization enthalpy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state. It is a key indicator of an element's chemical reactivity. The correct trend does not always follow atomic number order. For instance:
  • While you might expect a linear increase from B to N, nitrogen's half-filled p-subshell provides extra stability.
  • Hence, nitrogen has a higher ionization enthalpy than oxygen, which disrupts the expected trend.
  • The expected increase in ionization enthalpy from B to N is disrupted by this subshell stability.
Understanding this concept is crucial in predicting the behavior of elements, especially in chemical bonding and reactions.
Oxidizing Power Trend
Oxidizing power refers to a substance's ability to accept electrons during a chemical reaction. For oxides like CO鈧�, SiO鈧�, SnO鈧�, and PbO鈧�, the trend in oxidizing power is influenced by oxidation states and the element's position in the group:
  • Heavier elements like PbO鈧� show greater oxidizing power as the oxidation state +4 becomes more stable.
  • In contrast, lighter elements like CO鈧� exhibit less oxidizing power due to their stable double bonds.
  • The increase in oxidizing power down the group is due to the stabilization of higher oxidation states in heavier elements.
This trend helps explain the reactivity differences among oxides in a group, impacting both industrial processes and natural phenomena.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Which among the following statements is/are correct here: (a) He and Ne do not form clathrate (b) \(\mathrm{XeF}_{4}\) and \(\mathrm{SbF}_{4}\) combine to form salt (c) He has highest boiling point in its group (d) He diffuses through rubber and polyvinyl chloride

In case of the oxygen family (group 16) (a) the tendency for catenation decreases markedly as we go down the group (b) maximum coordination of oxygen is four due to lack of d orbital, but that of other elements is six due to presence of d orbitals (c) the tendency to form multiple bonds with \(\mathrm{C}, \mathrm{N}\) and \(O\) decreases as going down the group from \(S\) to Te (d) all are correct

Consider the following properties of the noble gases: 1\. They readily form compounds which are colourless 2\. They generally do not form ionic compounds. 3\. They have variable oxidation states in their compounds 4\. Generally do not form covalent compounds Select the correct properties. (a) 1 (b) 1,3 (c) 2,3 (d) \(1,2,3\)

Among the following, the correct statement is (a) Phosphates have no biological significance in humans (b) Between nitrates and phosphates, phosphates are less abundant in earth's crust (c) Between nitrates and phosphates, nitrates are less abundant in earth's crust (d) Oxidation of nitrates is possible in soil.

On dissolving moderate amount of sodium metal in liquid \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\) at low temperature, which one of the following does not occur? (a) Na+ ions are formed in the solution (b) liquid \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\) solution remains diamagnetic (c) liquid \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\) solution becomes a good conductor of electricity (d) blue coloured solution is obtained
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