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Chapter 22: Problem 25

When petroleum is heated gradually, first batch of vapours evolved will be rich in (a) kerosene (b) petroleum ether (c) diesel (d) lubricating oil

Short Answer

Expert verified
The first batch of vapours will be rich in petroleum ether (b).

Step by step solution

01

Understanding the Boiling Points

Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that can be separated by heating, taking advantage of the different boiling points of its components. Lighter fractions with lower boiling points evaporate first.
02

Identify Key Fractions and Their Order

Petroleum fractions are distilled based on their boiling points. Common fractions include petroleum ether, kerosene, diesel, and lubricating oil, listed from lowest to highest boiling points.
03

Determine the First Fraction to Evaporate

Since lighter fractions evaporate at lower temperatures, the first vapors evolved from heating petroleum will be from the fraction with the lowest boiling point鈥攑etroleum ether.
04

Conclusion and Selection

Based on their boiling points, petroleum ether will vaporize first. Therefore, the first batch of vapors will be rich in petroleum ether.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Boiling Points of Hydrocarbons
Petroleum is composed of a complex array of hydrocarbons, which are organic compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms. The boiling point of a hydrocarbon is a key property that determines how these compounds behave when heated. Boiling points are important because they dictate when each component of a mixture will turn into a gas. The boiling point of a hydrocarbon is influenced by its molecular weight and structure.
  • Lighter hydrocarbons, like methane, have lower boiling points and vaporize easily at lower temperatures. These are often found in gases and light liquids.
  • Heavier hydrocarbons, like those found in oils and waxes, have higher boiling points.
Understanding these characteristics helps in the process of separating petroleum into useful products based on their volatility.
Petroleum Fractions
Petroleum is divided into fractions through distillation. Each fraction consists of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points and thus similar properties. These fractions range from light to heavy ones and include the following:
  • Petroleum Ether: The lightest fraction. It's a volatile and flammable liquid, often used as a solvent.
  • Kerosene: Often used as jet fuel and for heating. It has a moderate boiling point.
  • Diesel: Used primarily as fuel in engines. It is heavier than kerosene and evaporates at a higher temperature.
  • Lubricating Oil: This fraction is used to reduce friction in engines and other machinery, with one of the highest boiling points in petroleum products.
Each fraction has a unique role in industrial applications, emphasizing the importance of the distillation process.
Fractional Distillation
Fractional distillation is the process used to separate petroleum into its component fractions. This method relies on the distinct boiling points of the various hydrocarbons present in petroleum. During fractional distillation, petroleum is gradually heated, and fractions are collected at different temperatures as they vaporize.
  • Initial Heating: The petroleum mixture is heated in a distillation column. The lightest fractions vaporize first since they have the lowest boiling points.
  • Rising Vapors: As the vapors rise through the column, they cool and condense on trays or packing material.
  • Collection of Fractions: Different fractions are collected at multiple levels of the distillation column based on their boiling ranges.
This technique is extremely efficient for separating complex mixtures and is fundamental to the petroleum refining industry.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

In Carius method of estimation of halogens, \(250 \mathrm{mg}\) of an organic compound gave \(141 \mathrm{mg}\) of \(\mathrm{AgBr}\). The percentage of bromine in the compound is (At. mass \(\mathrm{Ag}=108 ; \mathrm{Br}=80)\) (a) \(24 \%\) (b) \(36 \%\) (c) \(48 \%\) (d) \(60 \%\)

An alkane has a C/H ratio of \(5.1428\) by mass. Its molecular formula is (a) \(\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{12}\) (b) \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{14}\) (c) \(\mathrm{C}_{\mathrm{s}} \mathrm{H}_{18}\) (d) \(\mathrm{C}_{\gamma} \mathrm{H}_{10}\)

On combustion, \(0.2 \mathrm{~g}\) of an organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen yields \(0.147 \mathrm{~g}\) carbon dioxide and \(0.12 \mathrm{~g}\) water. The percentage of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen respectively in the compound is (a) \(22.5,8.7\) and \(68.8\) (b) \(20,6.7\) and \(73.3\) (c) \(18.2,9.5\) and \(72.3\) (d) \(28.9,12.8\) and \(58.8\)

Select the correct statements regarding Lassaigne's test? (a) Li and \(\mathrm{K}\) are not used in this test (b) \(\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{Cl}, \mathrm{NH}_{2}-\mathrm{NH}_{2}\) Can't be detected by this test. (c) Urea, Acetamide can not give this test. (d) Benzamide, Azobenzene can give this test.

A compound with empirical formula \(\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) has a vapour density of \(30 .\) Its molecular formula is (a) \(\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{6} \mathrm{O}_{3}\) (b) \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{4} \mathrm{O}_{2}\) (c) \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}\) (d) \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_{6}\)
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