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Chapter 12: Problem 148

The outer electron configuration of Gd (atomic number \(=64\) ) is: (a) \(4 \mathrm{f}^{7} 5 \mathrm{~d}^{1} 6 \mathrm{~s}^{2}\) (b) \(4 \mathrm{f}^{3} 5 \mathrm{~d}^{2} 6 \mathrm{~s}^{2}\) (c) \(4 f^{8} 5 d^{\circ} 6 s^{2}\) (d) \(4 \mathrm{f}^{4} 5 \mathrm{~d}^{4} 6 \mathrm{~s}^{2}\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
The outer electron configuration of Gd is (a) 4f鈦� 5d鹿 6s虏.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Electron Configuration

Electron configuration refers to the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals. For Gadolinium (Gd), which has an atomic number of 64, we need to fill the orbitals according to the Aufbau principle.
02

Writing Electron Configuration till Lanthanum

First, we note that the configuration up to Lanthanum (La, atomic number 57) is [Xe] 5s虏 4d鹿 5p鈦� 6s虏 4f鈦� 5d鹿. For Lanthanum, we write [Xe] 5d鹿 6s虏.
03

Filling the 4f Orbitals after Lanthanum

Post Lanthanum, we start filling the 4f orbitals. From Ce (atomic number 58) to Gd (atomic number 64), each element adds electrons into the 4f orbitals while occasionally stepping into the 5d or 6s orbitals.
04

Electron Counting from Ce to Gd

From Ce (58) to Gd (64), the configuration fills up as follows: - Ce (58): [Xe] 4f鹿 5d鹿 6s虏 - Pr (59): [Xe] 4f鲁 6s虏 (5d interacts but is not fully engaged) - Nd (60): [Xe] 4f鈦� 6s虏 - Pm (61): [Xe] 4f鈦� 6s虏 - Sm (62): [Xe] 4f鈦� 6s虏 - Eu (63): [Xe] 4f鈦� 6s虏 - Gd (64): [Xe] 4f鈦� 5d鹿 6s虏 (the 5d gets an electron again) This aligns electrons such that the configuration for Gd is [Xe] 4f鈦� 5d鹿 6s虏.
05

Verifying the Correct Option

Comparing our findings with the given options, the electron configuration for Gd is 4f鈦� 5d鹿 6s虏, which matches option (a).

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Aufbau principle
The Aufbau principle is a fundamental guideline in chemistry for writing the electron configurations of atoms. It dictates the order in which electrons populate the available atomic orbitals. According to this principle, electrons fill orbitals starting from the lowest energy level up to the highest. This means any electron orbital with a lower energy level gets filled before one with a higher energy level.
  • For example, the 1s orbital, being the lowest, fills before the 2s orbital.
  • The sequence follows the order of increasing energy levels, which is depicted in the Aufbau diagram.
  • Within any energy level, the electron fill order is s, p, d, and then f orbitals.
The word 'Aufbau' comes from German, meaning 'building up,' which is quite fitting. For Gadolinium, following the Aufbau principle, we see electrons first fill up the 4f orbitals, then add to the 5d orbital.
Lanthanide series
The Lanthanide series consists of 15 metallic elements with atomic numbers from 57 (Lanthanum) to 71 (Lutetium). These elements are known for filling the 4f orbitals. Despite having similar chemical behaviors, these metals have some unique properties related to electron configuration changes across the series.
  • The inflow of electrons continues from Lanthanum to Lutetium in the 4f subshell.
  • These elements are often referred to as the "rare earth metals."
  • Lanthanides are used in various applications, from electronics to laser materials.
The Lanthanides are important in chemistry due to their common filling of the 4f orbitals, influencing their magnetic and spectroscopic properties.
atomic orbitals
Atomic orbitals are regions around an atom's nucleus where there is a high probability of finding an electron. These orbitals are defined by quantum numbers and characterized by shapes designated as s, p, d, and f.
  • The s orbital is spherical in shape.
  • The p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped and come in three orientations (px, py, pz).
  • The seven f orbitals have complex shapes and accommodate up to 14 electrons in total.
Orbitals are crucial in understanding electron configuration, as they determine how electrons are arranged around an atom, thus influencing chemical bonding and properties. In Gadolinium, the 4f and 5d orbitals play significant roles in its electron configuration.
Gadolinium
Gadolinium is a fascinating element with an atomic number of 64. Part of the Lanthanide series, it's known for its unique electron configuration behavior. The electron configuration of Gadolinium is [Xe] 4f鈦� 5d鹿 6s虏, making it stand out because of the additional 5d electron.
  • This configuration involves filling the 4f orbitals and then the 5d orbital before completing the 6s orbital.
  • Because Gadolinium possesses an unfilled 4f subshell, it exhibits unusual magnetic properties.
  • It's widely used in medical imaging, particularly in MRI scanners due to its magnetic properties.
Understanding its structure helps to grasp more about both the element鈥檚 chemical behavior and its industrial applications.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The first ionization potential of \(\mathrm{Na}, \mathrm{Mg}, \mathrm{Al}\) and \(\mathrm{Si}\) are in the order: (a) \(\mathrm{Na}>\mathrm{Mg}>\mathrm{Al}<\mathrm{Si}\) (b) \(\mathrm{Na}>\mathrm{Mg}>\mathrm{Al}>\mathrm{Si}\) (c) \(\mathrm{Na}<\mathrm{Mg}<\mathrm{Al}<\mathrm{Si}\) (d) \(\mathrm{Na}<\mathrm{Mg}>\mathrm{Al}>\mathrm{Si}\)

Arrange \(\mathrm{P}^{3}, \mathrm{~S}^{2-}, \mathrm{H}^{-}, \mathrm{I}^{-}\)in the order of increasing ionic radii (a) \(\mathrm{P}^{3-}, \mathrm{S}^{2-}, \mathrm{I}-, \mathrm{H}^{-}\) (b) \(\mathrm{S}^{2-}, \mathrm{P}^{3-}, \mathrm{H}^{-}, \mathrm{I}^{-}\) (c) \(\mathrm{S}^{2-}, \mathrm{H}^{-}, \mathrm{P}^{3-} \mathrm{I}^{-}\) (d) \(\mathrm{H}^{-}, \mathrm{S}^{2-}, \mathrm{P}^{3-}, \mathrm{I}^{-}\)

Which of the following statements is/are not true about the diagonal relationship of Be and Al? (1) Both react with \(\mathrm{NaOH}\) to liberate hydrogen (2) Their oxides are basic (3) They are made passive by nitric acid (4) Their carbides give acetylene on treatment with water (a) only (1) (b) (2) and (3) (c) only (4) (d) (2) and (4)

An example of amphoteric oxide is (a) \(\mathrm{Ti}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}\) (b) \(\mathrm{MgO}\) (c) \(\mathrm{Cl}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}\) (d) \(\mathrm{Al}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}\)

The electronic configuration of elements A, B and C are \([\mathrm{He}] 2 \mathrm{~s}^{1},[\mathrm{Ne}] 3 \mathrm{~s}^{1}\) and \([\mathrm{Ar}] 4 \mathrm{~s}^{1}\) respectively. Which one of the following order is correct for the first ionization potentials (in \(\mathrm{kJ} \mathrm{mol}^{-}\)) of \(\mathrm{A}, \mathrm{B}\) and \(\mathrm{C}\) ? (a) \(\mathrm{A}>\mathrm{B}>\mathrm{C}\) (b) \(\mathrm{O}>\mathrm{B}>\mathrm{A}\) (c) \(\mathrm{B}>\mathrm{O}>\mathrm{A}\) (d) \(C>A>B\)
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